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HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL > chapter 1 and 2 for idiots > Flashcards

chapter 1 and 2 for idiots Flashcards

1
Q

axial region

A

head (caput), neck, trunk (chest and abdominal regions)

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2
Q

appendicular region

A

upper extremity (arms), lower extremity (legs)

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3
Q

Head 2 reigons

A

facial and cranial

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4
Q

Facial region (of the head which is in the axial region) components

A

eyes, nose, mouth

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5
Q

cranial region (of the head which is in the axial region)

A

region that covers and supports the brain

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6
Q

Other name for the ‘neck’ and whats in it

A

‘cervical region’, contains larynx (voice box)

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7
Q

torso (trunk) regions:

A

breasts (mammary region), sternal region, armpits (axillary region), vertebral region

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8
Q

armpits

A

axillary region

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9
Q

upper back

A

vertebral region

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10
Q

abdomen contains:

A

navel (umbilicus), Mcburney’s point

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11
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

intra-abdominal bleeding, causes nasty bruising and discoloration around navel

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12
Q

How to find Mcburney’s point

A

1/2 of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis to the navel, roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix

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13
Q

Pelvic region contains:

A

pubic area, perineum, small of the back (lumbar region), tail (sacral region), buttocks (gluteal region)

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14
Q

perineum

A

the diamond shaped region containing selected external sex organs and the booty hole

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15
Q

the largest nerve in the human body which passes through where!?!?

A

sciatic nerve, passes through the gluteus maximus (booty)

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16
Q

butt crack

A

natal cleft

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17
Q

upper extremity contains

A

shoulder (deltoid region), upper arm (brachium), forearm (antibrachium), hand (manus)

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18
Q

shoulder

A

deltoid region (greek letter delta)

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19
Q

upper arm

A

brachium

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19
Q

forearm

A

antibrachium

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20
Q

hand

A

manus

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21
Q

small depressed area on the FRONT of the elbow (where blood is drawn from, think plasma!)

A

anterior cubital fossa (antecubital fossa)

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22
Q

area on the BACK of the elbow

A

olecranal region

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23
Q

hand (manus) is composed of:

A

the front (palm), the back (dorsum of hand), fingers (digits)

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24
Q

the front of the hand (manus)

A

the palm

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25
Q

the back of the hand (manus)

A

dorsum of hand

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26
Q

the fingers and toes

A

digits!!!!

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27
Q

lower extremity is composed of

A

hip, upper leg (thigh or femoral region), knee (patellar region and popliteal region), lower leg (crural region, shin+calf), ankle, foot

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28
Q

the FRONT surface of the knee (kneecap)

A

patellar region

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29
Q

the BACK of the knee (where i get wildly uncomfortable touching/shaving)

A

popliteal fossa

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30
Q

lower leg

A

crural region

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31
Q

lower leg (crural region) consists of:

A

the shin, the calf, the ankle

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32
Q

the foot is comprised of

A

heel (heel bone is called calcaneus), the sole of the foot (plantar surface), the top of the foot (dorsum), toes (digits)

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33
Q

the sole of the foot

A

the plantar surface

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34
Q

the heel bone

A

calcaneus

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35
Q

the top of the foot

A

the dorsum

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36
Q

the two principal body cavities

A

the posterior (dorsal) body cavity, the ventral body cavity

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37
Q

the posterior (dorsal) body cavity contains:

A

cranial cavity (houses the brain), vertebral canal (houses the spinal cord and such

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38
Q

ventral body cavity contains:

A

thoratic (chest) and abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic) cavities

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39
Q

what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal

A

a skeletal muscle called the DIAPHRAM separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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40
Q

thoracic cavity contains the:

A

mediastinum

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41
Q

the mediastinum (found in the thoracic cavity) contains:

A

the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, aorta+other major blood vessels

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42
Q

the 2 layer membrane that surrounds the heart is called the:

A

pericardium

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43
Q

outermost seros layer of the pericardium

A

parietal pericardium (pericardial sac)

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44
Q

attached to the external surface of the heart (? not sure about this one)

A

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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45
Q

pericardial cavity

A

the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia (contains lubricating serous fluid)

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46
Q

the two bilateral subdivisions of the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum are called

A

pulmonary cavities

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47
Q

what occupies the pulmonary cavities

A

the lungs!!!

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48
Q

what lines the inner surface of a pulmonary cavity and is firmly attached to the chest wall?

A

the parietal pleura

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49
Q

what is firmly attached to the outer surface of the lungs and is continuous with the parietal pleura

A

the visceral pleura

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50
Q

the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

A

the pleural cavity

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51
Q

‘handle’ top bone of the three sternum bones

A

manubrim

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52
Q

‘small sword’ middle bone of the 3 sternum bones

A

gladiolus

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53
Q

‘sword-shaped’ last bone of the 3 sternum bones

A

xiphoid

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54
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue at the back of the throat behind the tongue

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55
Q

vallecula

A

dip between the tongue and epiglottis

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56
Q

peritoneum

A

the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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57
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography

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58
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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59
Q

fmri

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

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60
Q

the two least specific body cavities

A

posterior and ventral

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61
Q

the two more specific categories under the posterior body cavity

A

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

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62
Q

the two more specific body cavities under the ventral body cavity

A

abdominopelvic and thoracic

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63
Q

the two more specific body cavities under abdominopelvic

A

abdominal and pelvic

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64
Q

the two more specific cavities under the thoracic cavity

A

pulmonary cavity and mediastinum

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65
Q

more specific cavity under the pulmonary cavity

A

pleural cavities

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66
Q

the more specific cavity under the mediastinum

A

pericardial cavity

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67
Q

the stuff in the mediastinum

A

trachea, esophagus, heart, thymus

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68
Q

12 finger long organ

A

duodenum

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69
Q

retroparetineal organs

A

kidney, ureturs, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, bladder, rectum

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70
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membranes that surround some of the abdominal organs

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71
Q

murpheys sign

A

Murphy’s sign is elicited in patients with acute cholecystitis by asking the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area. If pain occurs when the inflamed gallbladder comes into contact with the examiner’s hand, Murphy’s sign is positive.

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72
Q

murpheys sign can detect gallbladder inflammation also known as

A

cholecystitis

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73
Q

the 2 vascular methods of temperature regulation

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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74
Q

the 5 layers of the skin (lips, palms, soles have the fifth layer, others just have four)

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidium (the extra layer in question)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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75
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, nails, hair, skin glands

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76
Q

what percent of body weight does the skin make up

A

7-8%

77
Q

what causes fingers to become wrinkly in the water

A

the nervous system, better grip

78
Q

when the body is HOT, what do dermal blood vessels do

A

DILATE (vasodilation)

79
Q

when the body is COLD, what do dermal blood vessels do

A

CONSTRICT (vasoconstriction)

80
Q

what is essential for absorbing phosphorous and calcium

A

vitamin D

81
Q

vitamin D is essential for absorbing ____ and ____

A

calcium and phosphorus

82
Q

what are the small population of immune cells in the epidermis called

A

epidermal dendritic cells

83
Q

what is the protein that makes dead epidermal cells tough and water resistant

A

keratin

84
Q

what is dandruff caused by

A

yeasts

85
Q

what are the two specific yeasts that can cause dandruff

A

pityrosporum or malessezia

86
Q

deepest layer of epidermis

A

stratum basale

87
Q

what are the 3 kinds of cells that occupy the stratum basale layer

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (merkel) cells

88
Q

what is the job of Keratinocytes found in all the epidermal layers

A

(most abundant cell type) they can synthesize the tough and insoluble protein keratin

89
Q

what is the job of melanocytes found in the stratum basale

A

produce black, brown, or yellow-brown granuals of pigment that give the skin a darker tone

90
Q

what do tactile (merkel) cells do in the stratum basale

A

they r sensitive to touch

91
Q

what is the second layer up from the dermis in the skin

A

the stratum spinosum. its called the spinosum bc many sided keratinocytes form this layer and are attached to one another by spine like projections

92
Q

what 2 epidermal layers make up the stratum germinatuvum

A

the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

93
Q

what type of cell does the stratum spinosum have that the stratum basale doesn’t have

A

phagocytic cells/epidermal dendritic cells

94
Q

what is the third layer up from the dermis

A

stratum grandulosum- this is where keratinocytes die

95
Q

what is the fourth layer up from the dermis on the lips, soles of the feet, and palms (thickened skin)

A

the stratum lucidum

96
Q

what is the fourth (or fifth layer on thickened skin) up from the dermis called. also the final layer of skin

A

stratum corneum

97
Q

what is cornification

A

brought on by keratinization and the hardening and flattening process that takes place as cells migrate to the surface of the epidermis

98
Q

how does a callus happen

A

resusts when friction at the skin surface stimulates additional mitotic activity of the stratum basale, resulting in thicker skin in localized area

99
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil glands

100
Q

what color is blood in VEINS

A

MAROON

101
Q

what r the three things that contribute to skin color

A

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

102
Q

another word for red blood cells

A

erythrocyts

103
Q

what color is blood in the ARTERIES

A

TOMATO SOUP RED

104
Q

albinism

A

genetic defect, inherited recessive gene, melanocytes cant produce melanin

105
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune disorder, melanocytes die/unable to function

106
Q

cyanosis

A

caused by poor oxygenation of hemoglobin

107
Q

acrocyanosis

A

cyanosis but only in extremities (fingers, toes, nose)

108
Q

pallor

A

caused by ANEMIA- deficiency of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or hemoglobin

109
Q

jaundice

A

excess of bilirubin, can be a sign of liver disease since the liver breaks down bilirubin

110
Q

erythema

A

increase of bloodflow in the dermis because blood vessels dialated

111
Q

what does the blood do when people die?!

A

it pools in the lowest parts of the body

112
Q

another word for mole

A

nevus

113
Q

ischemia

A

poor blood flow causing darkening

114
Q

top layer of the dermis

A

papillary layer (stratum pappilarosum)

115
Q

bottom layer of the dermis

A

reticular layer (stratum reticularosum)

116
Q

stretch marks

A

striae/lineae albicantes

117
Q

bed sores

A

decubitus ulcers

118
Q

tumor

A

neoplasm

119
Q

dedifferentiation

A

cells becoming less specialized in tumors

120
Q

metastasis

A

cancer cells spreading through blood or lymph nodes to other tissues or organs

121
Q

cancer

A

a general term for a group of diseases characterized by malignant neoplasm

122
Q

what is obvious loss of cellular structure called?

A

anaplasia

123
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of a tissue

124
Q

hyperplasia

A

incfrease of normal cells in a tissue/organ

125
Q

metaplasia

A

abnormal transformation of fully differentiated adult tissue into a tissue of another kind

126
Q

hypertrophy

A

generalized increase in size/bulk of an organ not as a consequence of a tumor

127
Q

skin thickness

A

1.5mm - 4mm+

128
Q

the two types of transepidermal water loss (TEWL)

A

insensible perspiration (happening all the time),
sensible perspiration (visible sweating)

129
Q

vitamin D3

A

cholecalciferol

130
Q

cholecalciferol synthesizes _____

A

calcitriol

131
Q

active form of vitamin D3

A

calcifriol

132
Q

what are stratum lucidum keratinocytes full of

A

eleidin

133
Q

dead cells (in the stratum corneum) are _____

A

anucleate

134
Q

getting rid of a tattoo by cutting it out

A

excision

135
Q

getting rid of a tattoo by sanding down the tattooed skin

A

dermabrasion

136
Q

getting rid of a tattoo by freezing the tattooed area prior to removal

A

cryosurgery

137
Q

the 3 types of UV rays the sun produces and their spectrum (in nm)

A

UVA (320-400nm), UVB (290-320nm), UVC (100-280nm. absorbed by the atmosphere)

138
Q

SPF

A

sun protection factor

139
Q

most sunless tanners contain this chemical

A

dihydroxyacetone (DHA)

140
Q

skin discoloration due to benign tumor

A

hemangioma

141
Q

skin discoloration due to benign tumor but with dermal blood vessels, can be permanent

A

cavernous hemangioma

142
Q

strawberry colored birthmarks that usually disappear by adulthood

A

capillary hemangioma

143
Q

to supply with nerves

A

innervation

144
Q

other names for the subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis, superficial facias, subcutaneous fat

145
Q

cuticle (nail)

A

eponychium

146
Q

thickened epidermis that the free nail edge grows over

A

hyponychium

147
Q

hair

A

plius

148
Q

the three types of hair

A

lanugo, vellus, terminal

149
Q

the 3 phases of the hair growth cycle

A

angen phase (hair cells develop rapidly), catgen phase (everything stops), telogen phase (hair sheds)

150
Q

thinning of hair

not due to age
so itsnot ‘balding’

A

alopecia

151
Q

the term for when hair is shed from the entire scalp

A

diffuse hair loss

152
Q

shrader has _____

A

male pattern baldness

153
Q

terminal hair growth where terminal hair should not be

A

hirsutism

154
Q

sweat glands

A

sudoriferous

155
Q

oil glands

A

sebaceous

156
Q

the two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A

merocrine (sweat gland duct takes to sweat pore) and apocrine (sweat gland duct takes to hair follicle)

157
Q

both types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands contain this type of cell

A

myoepithelial cells (the cells that squeeze the gland to make the sweat come out)

158
Q

sebaceous glands secrete _____

A

sebum

159
Q

sebum can block a sebaceous gland making it inflamed, this is called ________

A

folliculitus

160
Q

the abscess a blocked sebaceous gland developes is called:

A

furuncle

161
Q

the glands that produce earwax (cerumen)

A

ceruminous glands

162
Q

what do ceruminous glands produce

A

cerumen

163
Q

plugged sebaceous ducts=

A

acne

164
Q

a sebaceous duct plugged w sebum is called _____

A

comedo

165
Q

open comedo is a

A

blackhead

166
Q

closed comedo is a

A

whitehead

167
Q

burns only to the epidermis (sunburn)

A

1st degree

168
Q

burns to the epidermis and parts of the dermis with blisters

A

2nd degree

169
Q

burns to the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, usually all are destroyed, often needs a ______

A

3rd degree burns, skin graft

170
Q

replacing dead cells from a wound with identical ones like from before

A

regeneration

171
Q

replacing dead cells from a wound with scar tissue

A

fibrosis

172
Q

a vascular connective tissue that initially forms while healing wounds

A

granulation tissue

173
Q

most common type of skin cancer, from stratum basale, procedure is to have it removed

A

basal cell carcinoma

174
Q

cancer from the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

A

squamous cell carcinoma

175
Q

comes from melanocytes, malignant cancer

A

malignant melanoma

176
Q

some treatments for aging skin (4)

A

laser resurfacing, fat injections (liposuction), dermal fillers (usually containing hyaluronic acid), botox (paralyzing the facial muscles with botulinum toxic type A)

177
Q

athletes foot

A

fungus infection

178
Q

fluid-filled sac in the epidermis that happens during second degree burns

A

blister

179
Q

fluid-filled blister that hurts when touched usually around the mouth

A

cold sore

180
Q

noncontagious itchy skin inflammation

A

eczema

181
Q

reddish, raised area of the skin, usually itchy

A

hives

182
Q

excessive scar tissue because of collagen forming during healing, tender to touch

A

keloid

183
Q

irritating/itching condition of the skin

not eczema

A

pruitis

184
Q

chronic skin disorder that results in redness and small pustules (usually on the face)

A

rosacea

185
Q

benign tumors caused by human papillomavirus

A

warts

186
Q

right upper quadrant (8)

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Right Kidney, Right Adrenal Gland

187
Q

left upper quadrant

A

the spleen, stomach, the body of the pancreas, left kidney, adrenal gland,

188
Q

right lower quadrant

A

Small intestine, Caecum, Appendix, Large Intestine, Right Ureter, Right Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Right Spermatic cord (in males)

189
Q

left lower quadrant

A

Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Left Ureter, Left Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Left Spermatic cord (in males)

190
Q

what enzyme thats capable of destroying bacteria cells is produced by the ceruminous glands

A

lysozyme

HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL (28 decks)

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