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HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL > chapter 3 perhaps? > Flashcards

chapter 3 perhaps? Flashcards

1
Q

what is the science concerned with the study of bones called

A

osteology

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2
Q

some adults have extra bones w/in the joints (______) of the skull

A

sutures

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3
Q

what are the extra bones w/in the joints/sutures of the skull called

A

sutural bones or wormian bones

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4
Q

what are the bones that may develop in tendons in response to stress as the tendons repeatedly move across a joint called

A

sesamoid bones

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5
Q

what is the largest sesamoid bone

A

the kneecap of patellae

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6
Q

what is cartilage

A

a semirigid connective tissue thats weaker than bone but more flexible and resilient

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7
Q

mature cartilage is _____

A

avascular

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8
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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9
Q

the most abundant and weakest type of cartilage, is translucent

A

hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

the type of cartilage with an extracellular matrix with numerous thick collagen fibers that help resist stretching/compression forces

A

firbrocartilage

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11
Q

the type of cartilage that contains highly branched elastic fibers

A

elastic cartilage

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12
Q

what is the process of blood cell formation called

A

hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

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13
Q

where is the red bone marrow located

A

in the spongy bone at the distal ends of long bones

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14
Q

what is the red bone marrow called after it becomes inactive and turned into fatty tissue

A

yellow bone marrow

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15
Q

where are the select bones where adults have active red marrow that forms blood cells (hematopoiesis)

A

flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum (breastbone), bones of the pelvic (ossa coxae), proximal end of the left/right humerus, proximal end of the right/left femur

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16
Q

the hematopoiesis in the active red marrow occurs under the stimulation of ______________ produced by the kidneys

A

erythropoietin

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17
Q

where is yellow bone marrow (in adults)

A

the shafts of long bones

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18
Q

long bones

A

function as levers, bones of the upper/lower extremities

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19
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped, transfer forces, typically the bones of the wrist and ankle, sesamoid bones are classified as short bones

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20
Q

irregular bones

A

varied in shape and have many surface projections for muscle attachment or articulation (vertebrae, ossa coxae)

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21
Q

the central shaft of long bones is called the _______

A

diaphysis

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22
Q

the cylindrical space w/in the diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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23
Q

the medullary cavity is lined w a membrane called the _______

A

endosteum

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24
Q

the expanded, knobby region on the ends of long bones

A

the epiphysis

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25
Q

the epiphysis is comprised of an outer layer of ______ _____ and an inner layer of ____ ____

A

compact bone, spongy bone

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26
Q

the epiphysis at a joint surface is covered in a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the:

A

articular cartilage

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27
Q

a rough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone except for areas covered by the articular cartilage

A

periosteum

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28
Q

the periosteum is responsible for the growth in the _______ of the bone

A

width

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29
Q

the region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis found in growing children and teens

A

epiphyseal growth plate

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30
Q

the epiphyseal growth plate is responsible for the growth in ______ of the bone

A

length

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31
Q

the miotic activity in the epiphyseal growth plate is controlled by

A

human growth hormone (somatotropin)

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32
Q

the pituitary gland is nestled in the bony “_____ ____” of the ____ ____

A

“Sella turcica”, sphenoid bone

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33
Q

the only remnant of the piphyseal growth plate in adults is a defined area of compact bone called the

A

epiphyseal line

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34
Q

stem cells located w/in both the periosteum and endosteum that gives rise to cells that become osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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35
Q

tendons connect ___ to ___

A

bones to muscles

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36
Q

ligaments connect ____ to ____

A

bones to bones

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37
Q

the bone cells that make the bone

A

osteoblasts

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38
Q

the initial semisolid form of bone matrix is called

A

osteoid

39
Q

the bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and detect stress on a bone

A

osteocytes

40
Q

the multinuclear phagocytic bone cells that break down bones

A

osteoclasts

41
Q

the process of breaking down bone is called

A

osteolysis

42
Q

bones consist of _____ _____ and _________ ______

A

organic compounds, inorganic compounds

43
Q

organic compounds make up 1/3 of bone mass and consist of ____, _____ ____, and ______ _____

A

cells, collagen fibers, ground substance

44
Q

the solid and relatively dense type of bone

A

compact bone

45
Q

the porous type of bone where red marrow lives in adults

A

spongy/cancellous bone

46
Q

the layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone in the flat bones of the skull is referred to as

A

dipolë (die-pole)

47
Q

growth from w/in the cartilage

A

interstitial growth

48
Q

growth along the edge of the cartilage

A

oppositional growth

49
Q

the primary component in bones

A

bone/osseous connective tissue

50
Q

calcification is

A

the process in which the bone matrix gets strong due to minerals being deposited

51
Q

end of the bone closest to the trunk

A

proximal epiphysis

52
Q

end of the bone farthest from the trunk

A

distal epiphysis

53
Q

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form

A

hydroxy apatite

54
Q

epiphyseal plate has 5 zones, they are (from farthest from medullary cavity to closest)

A

the zone of:
1. resting cartilage
2. proliferating cartilage
3. hypertrophic cartilage
4. calcified cartilage
5. ossification

55
Q

what blood vessels supply diaphysis of long bones

A

nutrient artery/vein

56
Q

what blood vessels supply the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

A

metaphyseal arteries/veins

57
Q

what arteries supply the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal arteries/veins

58
Q

what blood vessels provide blood to external structures in/outside the compact bone

A

periosteal arteries/veins

59
Q

________is produced by the kidney and stimulates the production of somatotropin in the anterior petuitary gland

A

erythropoietin

60
Q

what hormone stimulates the metabolic rate of osteoblasts

A

thyroid hormone

61
Q

what hormone promotes calcium deposition and stops osteoclast activity

A

calcitonin

62
Q

what hormone promotes the increase in blood calcium by promoting osteoclast activity

A

parathyroid hormone

63
Q

what hormones stimulates osteoblasts, promote epiphyseal growth plate growth and eventual close

A

sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone)

64
Q

what hormone promote bone reabsorbtion if levels are chronically too high

A

glucocorticoids

65
Q

what vitamin activates osteoblasts

A

vitamin A

66
Q

what vitamin promotes collagen production

A

vitamin C or ascorbic acid

67
Q

what vitamin promotes the absorbtion of calcium/phosphate in the blood

A

vitamin D

68
Q

a thin break in the bone caused by increased physical activity/load to the bone

A

stress fracture

69
Q

a break in the bone caused by trauma

A

pathologic fracture

70
Q

a broken bone that doesn’t penetrate the skin

A

simple fracture

71
Q

one/both ends of the broken bones are piercing the skin

A

compound fracture

72
Q

stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

A

osteoprogenitor cells

73
Q

what bone cells build bones and secrete osteoid

A

osteoblasts

74
Q

what bone cells maintain bone, communicate the need for new bone

A

osteocytes

75
Q

what bone cells break down bones

A

osteoclasts

76
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

the nose, trachea, larynx, articular joints, growth plates,

77
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

vertebral disks, pubic symphysis, meniscus

78
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

the epiglottis, the ear and ear canal

79
Q

in adults, where does hematopoiesis occur

A

flat bones of the skull, the vertebral bones, ribs and sternum, the ossa coxae, the proximal ends of the humerus and femur

80
Q

osteitis deformans

A

characterized by excessive bone reabsorption (osteoclasts) followed by excessive bone deposition (osteoblasts)

81
Q

achondroplasia

A

abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone

82
Q

rickets is caused by

A

a lack of vitamin D

83
Q

bone scans can

A

detect bone pathologies faster than xrays can w/o as much radiation

84
Q

bisphosphonates

A

interfere w/ osteoclast function and slow down bone loss increased risk of osteonecrosis

85
Q

what are the 3 reasons women are more likely to get osteoporosis `

A
  1. have less bone mass than men
  2. lose bone mass faster and start losing it earlier in live
  3. postmenopause no estrogen which helps prevent osteoporosis
86
Q

chondroma

A

benign tumor from cartilage cells

87
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor from cartilage cells

88
Q

hyperostosis

A

excessive formation of bone tissue

89
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease, affects collagen fiber distrobution/organization. occurs bc of impaired osteoblast function

90
Q

osteoma

A

brenign tumor in lamellar bone often in jaw/skull

91
Q

osteomalacia

A

vitmain D deficiency in adults, leads to demineralized bones (soft and bendy)

92
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection/inflammation of bone marrow and surrounding areas

93
Q

osteosarcoma

A

most common and malignant type of bone sarcoma. comes from osteoblasts and attacks the ends of long bones

HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL (28 decks)

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