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HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL > circulatory system cont. > Flashcards

circulatory system cont. Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anterior, wrinkly ear-like flap on each atria called

A

auricle

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2
Q

what carries blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circut

A

pulmonary trunk

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3
Q

what is the thing between the atria and ventricles and what does it do

A

fibrous skeleton
provides:
- structural support
- anchors heart valves
- rigid framework for heart muscles to attach to
- electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

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4
Q

what are the 3 heart layers

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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5
Q

what 3 things does the right atrium receive venous blood from

A

sup. and inf. vena cava
coronary sinus

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6
Q

what are the ridges on the inside of each ventricle called

A

trabeculae carnea

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7
Q

what structure attaches to the lower surface of the cusps of the valves to prevent it from flipping into the atrium

A

the chordae tendineae

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8
Q

what anchors the chordae tendineae

A

papillary muscles

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9
Q

where do the L and R coronary arteries travel through

A

coronary sulcus

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10
Q

______ is characterized by inadequate supply of oxygen and blood to part of the body

A

ischemia

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11
Q

what is a painless myocardial ischemia called

A

silent myocardial ischemia

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12
Q

what is a painful myocardial ischemia called

not ‘heart attack’

A

angina pectoris

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13
Q

what is heart contraction called

A

systole

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14
Q

what is heart relaxation called

A

diastole

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15
Q

what is the name for an abnormally increased heart rate (>100 bpm) that reduces blood flow to ventricular myocardium

NO R

A

tachycardia

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16
Q

what is chronic low blood pressure called

A

hypotention

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17
Q

what is the inclusive period of time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next one called

A

cardiac cycle

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18
Q

how does most of the blood get into the ventricals

A

ventricular diastole

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19
Q

how much blood flows into the ventricle during ventricular diastole?
how much do the atria squeeze in

A

70%
squeeze in the other 30%

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20
Q

which artery has to deal with the highest pressure of all the arteries

A

aorta

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21
Q

which of the heart valves is the most likely to fail and why

A

the bicuspid valve, because it receives the most pressure

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22
Q

what is the term for an atypically slow heartbeat of less than 50 bpm

A

bradycardia

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23
Q

what is the name of the one way flutter valve that unborn babies have that is used to shunt blood from the right atrium to the left

A

septum primum

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24
Q

what are the (3) terms for when the fossa ovalis fails to close properly

A

patent foramen ovale
perforated fossa ovalis
atrial septal defect

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25
Q

what is the primary mover of blood through the capillary bed

A

left ventricular systole

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26
Q

what is the term for a site in the body where 2+ arteries/veins merge to supply/drain the same region

A

anastomosis

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27
Q

_______ are more likely to form anastomoses

A

veins

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28
Q

what are arteries that don’t for anastomoses called

A

‘end arteries’

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29
Q

when an artery and corresponding vein travel together they’re called

A

companion vessels

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30
Q

what are the 3 layers of artery/vein walls

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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31
Q

what is the tunica intima made of

A

endolethium

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32
Q

the tunica ____ is what makes the one way valves in veins

A

intima

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33
Q

the tunica _______ has smooth muscle that causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

media

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34
Q

in arteries the thickest layer is the tunica _____

A

media

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35
Q

in veins the thickest layer is the tunica _______

A

externa

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36
Q

the lumen of an artery is _______ than that of a same sized vein

A

narrower

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37
Q

capillaries often only contain the tunica ____

A

intima

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38
Q

what is the ‘ocean’ that surrounds cells

A

interstitial fluid

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39
Q

what is the most common type of hypotention

A

constricted arteries

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40
Q

in general, as an artery’s diameter decreases, there is a corresponding ______ in the amount of elastic fibers and a relative _______ in the amount of smooth muscle

A

decrease
increase

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41
Q

what are the largest arteries

A

elastic arteries

42
Q

what is the diameter range for elastic arteries

A

2.5-1 cm

43
Q

why are the biggest/closest to the heart arteries elastic

A

to withstand the strong pulsations of the ejected blood, also reduce force of pulsations somewhat

44
Q

what are the two ways blood in the arterial system is propelled

A

ventricular systole AND by the elastic recoil of the arterial walls

45
Q

what are some examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta
pulmonary
brachicephalic
common carotid
subclavian
common iliac

46
Q

what is the diameter range of muscular arteries

A

1cm-3mm

47
Q

most arteries are ______ arteries

A

muscular

48
Q

_______ are the smallest arteries

A

arterioles

49
Q

what is the diameter range for arterioles

A

3mm-10micrometers

50
Q

vasoconstriction and dilation is under the control of which part of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

51
Q

______ connect arterioles to venules

A

capillaries

52
Q

what is the average capillary diameter

A

8-10 micrometers

53
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous capilarries
fenenstrated capillaries
sinusoids

54
Q

at rest, veins hold about _____% of the body’s blood

A

60%

55
Q

what is the diameter range for venules

A

8-100 micrometers

56
Q

sickle cell disease can lead to what (2)

A

infarction or anemia

57
Q

what is one cause of edema

A

excess interstitial fluid

58
Q

what 3 things help blood overcome the forces of gravity to get back up to the heart from veins

A

one-way valves
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

59
Q

what 2 arteries emerge immediately from the wall of the ascending aorta

A

the L and R coronary arteries

60
Q

what does the ascending aorta turn into

A

the aortic arch

61
Q

what are the 3 main arterial branches that come off the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

62
Q

the brachiocephalic trunk off the aortic arch splits into the

A

right common carotid artery
right subclavian artery

63
Q

what parts of the body do the L and R common carotid artery supply

A

L and R side of the head and neck respectively

64
Q

what parts of the body do the L and R subclavian arteries supply

A

L and R upper limbs and some thoracic structures (respectively)

65
Q

what is it called when someone suddenly stops (ie. car crash) and the aortic arch gets pulled off the heart or the thoracic artery gets damaged

A

aortic transections

66
Q

what is it called when blood starts splitting the tunica intima from the tunica media

A

aortic dissections

67
Q

the common carotid split at the sup. border of the thyroid cartilage into

A

the external artery
and the internal artery

68
Q

what is near the split of the common carotid artery and what special sensors does this thing have

A

carotid sinus, it has baroreceptor that monitor blood pressure

69
Q

what things are in the carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve

70
Q

where does the carotid sheath go

A

from base of skull to the first tib and the sternum

71
Q

the vertebral arteries emerge from the _____ _____

A

subclavian arteries

72
Q

the vertebral arteries travel through the _____ ______ or the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull through the _____ ______

A

transverse foramina
foramen magnum

73
Q

the vertebral arteries merge to form the

A

basilar artery

74
Q

the left and right internal thoracic arteries arise from the

A

subclavian arteries

75
Q

what is the cardiac surgeons blood vessel of choice for coronary artery bypass grafting

A

the left internal thoracic artery

76
Q

what 3 paired arteries supply the diaphragm

A

superior phrenic
muculophrenic
inferior phrenic

77
Q

what 3 UNPAIRED arteries emerge from the descending abdominal artery

A

celiac trunk
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

78
Q

what 3 PAIRED arteries emerge from the descending abdominal artery

A

middle suprarenal
renal
gonadal

79
Q

the celiac trunk of the descending abdominal artery splits into 3 branches called

A

the left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery

80
Q

the left gastric artery supplies

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach and some parts of the esophagus

81
Q

the splenic artery supplies

A

the spleen, part of the stomach, and the pancreas

82
Q

the common hepatic artery supplies

A

the liver, gallbladder, part of the stomach, the duodenum, and the pancreas

83
Q

what does the superior mesenteric supply

A

most of the small intestine
pancreas
proximal part of large intestine

84
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

part of the transverse colon
part of the descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum

85
Q

what do the middle suprarenal arteries supply

A

adrenal gland

86
Q

what do the renal arteries supply

A

each kidney

87
Q

what do the gonadal arteries supply

A

testes in men, ovaries in women

88
Q

the descending abdominal artery splits into ____ and ____ (at level L4)

A

left common iliac artery
right common iliac artery

89
Q

the common iliac arteries split to form

A

internal and external iliac arteries

90
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply

A

the pelvic and perineal structures

91
Q

what does the external iliac artery supply

A

the leg

92
Q

what surrounds the celiac trunk

A

the celiac/solar plexus

93
Q

where does the pancreas get arterial blood from (3 sources)

A

splenic artery (off celiac trunk)
common hepatic artery(off celiac trunk)
superior mesenteric

94
Q

what is the fancy name for a blood pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

95
Q

what arch is formed primarily from the ulnar artery

A

superficial palmar arch

96
Q

what arch is formed primarily from the radial artery

A

deep palmar arch

97
Q

what veins merge to form the sup. vena cava

A

left and right brachiocephalic

98
Q

which vessel has the largest diameter

A

inferior vena cava

prettysure thats actually the aorta

99
Q

what does the superior vena cava drain

A

head, neck, and upper limbs

100
Q

what does the superior vena cava drain

A

large amounts of deoxygenated blood from the head, eyes, neck, and upper limbs into the upper right chamber (atrium) of the heart.

from googke

101
Q

what drains the dural venous sinuses

A

external jugular vein

102
Q

which one of the veins skips the subclavian veins and goes right into the brachiocephalic

A

vertebral veins

HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL (28 decks)

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