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human anatomy from hell > random stuff for final > Flashcards

random stuff for final Flashcards

1
Q

in FETUSES the blood pressure in the _______ ______ and the ______ side of the heart is higher

A

Pulmonary circulation
right

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2
Q

how many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord have

A

2 arteries
1 vein

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3
Q

oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the body of the fetus through the umbilical _______

A

VEIN

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4
Q

what structure shunts blood away from the fetal liver and to the inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

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5
Q

a branch of the umbilical vein that connects with the hepatic portal vein via the _____ _____

A

portal sinus

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6
Q

what are the 3 fully oxygenated vessels in fetal circulation

A

umbilical vein
ductus venosus
portal sinus

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7
Q

what structure shunts most of the blood away from the pulmonary trunk

A

ductus arteriosus

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8
Q

the umbilical arteries arise from the

A

internal iliac arteries

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9
Q

what do the umbilical arteries turn into after birth

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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10
Q

what does the umbilical vein turn into post birth

A

round ligament of the liver

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11
Q

what does the ductus venosus turn into post birth

A

ligamentum benosum

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12
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus turn into after birth

A

ligamentum arterosum

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13
Q

anatomically the respiratory system can be divided into the

A

upper and lower respiratory

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14
Q

functionally the respiratory system can be divided into the

A

conducting and respiratory portion

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15
Q

what does the conducting portion of the respiratory system have

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
progressively smaller ariways of the lower respiratory tract

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16
Q

what does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system have

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar du ts
alveoli

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17
Q

another word for inhalation

A

inspiration

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18
Q

another word for exhalation

A

expiration

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19
Q

what is external respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

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20
Q

what is internal respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells

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21
Q

what happens when inhaled gasses are conditioned

A

warmed
humidified
cleansed

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22
Q

what structures make a person sound the way they do

A

larynx
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
teeth
lips
tongue

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23
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract composed of

A

nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx (throat)

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24
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls that is produced by the epithelial cells in the nose

A

lysozyme

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25
Q

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by

A

frontal bone
nasal bones
cribiform plate (ethmoid)
sphenoid

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26
Q

what is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by

A

horizontal palatine processes of the maxillae
palatine bones

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27
Q

what are the hairs in the vestibule of the nose called

A

vibrissae

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28
Q

what is another name for the nasal conchae

A

turbinates

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29
Q

what forms the nasal septum

A

septal cartilage
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer

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30
Q

what is the nasal cycle

A

the alternating partial congestion and deconcestion of the nasal cavities

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31
Q

what are the four paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary

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32
Q

what is the throat called

A

pharynx

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33
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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34
Q

what connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

A

auditory (eustachian tubes)

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35
Q

what is the single tonsil on the back of the nasopharanx wall called

A

pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid

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36
Q

what normally passes through the nasopharynx

A

air

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37
Q

what normally passes through the oropharynx

A

air and food/water

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38
Q

what are the 2 pairs of lymphatic nodules in the oropharynx called

A

palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

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39
Q

what is it called when the piglottis closes over the larynx so air cant get out while the abdominal muscles contract ot increase abdominal pressure

A

valsalva maneuver

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40
Q

what is the fancy name for the adams apple

A

laryngeal prominance

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41
Q

what are the ‘false vocal chords’

A

the superior ligaments (vestibular ligaments)

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42
Q

what are the ‘true vocal chords’

A

inferior ligaments (vocal ligaments)

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43
Q

what color are the vocal folds

A

white

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44
Q

what is the opening between the vocal chords called

A

rima glottidis

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45
Q

what makes up the glottis

A

rima glottidis plus the vocal folds

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46
Q

what produces the range of a voice (soprano-bass)

A

length of vocal chords

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47
Q

what produces the pitch of a voice

A

the tightness of the vocal chords

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48
Q

what produces the loudness of a voice

A

the force of the air passing across the vocal folds

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49
Q

can you talk without vibrating the vocal folds

A

yes its whispering

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50
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiles, respiratory broncioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.

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51
Q

what is another name for the trachea

A

the windpipe

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52
Q

what are the cartilage rings in the trachea called

A

tracheal cartilages

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53
Q

what muscle binds the tracheal cartilages together

A

trachealis muscle

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54
Q

the trachea bifurcates into the

A

r and l ‘primary (main) bronchi’

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55
Q

which primary bronchi has a more acute angle

A

the left (due to the heart)

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56
Q

what is the internal ridge at the separation of the left and right bronchi called

A

carina

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57
Q

inhaled foreign objects are more likely to travel down into the

A

RIGHT SIDE

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58
Q

what 3 muscles do you use for coughing

A

internal intercostals: force ribs down
abdominal muscles: force abdominal organs agains the diaphragm forcing the diaphragm up
trachealis: narrows the windpipe so air going through it has more force

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59
Q

what is the medial side of the lung called

A

the hilum

60
Q

what do the primary bronchus branch into

A

the secondary (lobar) bronchi

61
Q

the left lung has _ secondary bronchi while the right has _

A

2
3

62
Q

the secondary bronchi divide into

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

63
Q

what cells produce testosterone

A

leydig cells ;)

64
Q

what is in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, pulmonary alveoli

65
Q

what is the right lung subdivided into

A

superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe

66
Q

what is the left lung subdivided into

A

superior lobe
inferior lobe

67
Q

the left and right lungs may be further partitioned into __________ _____ each with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial/venous blood supply

A

bronchopulmonary segments

68
Q

what do lymph nodes and vessels collect

A

carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that weren’t filtered out by the ciliated epithelium

69
Q

where are lymph nodes and vessels located

A

w/in the connective tissue of the lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura

70
Q

where does lymphatic drainage of the right lung go

A

right lymphatic duct

71
Q

where does lymphatic drainage of the left lung go

A

thoracic duct

72
Q

what is another term for breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation

73
Q

what parts of the respiratory system are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

A

trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

74
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do in regards to the respiratory system

A

opens up and dilates the bronchioles

75
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do in regards to the respiratory system

A

decrease airway diameter of the bronchioles

76
Q

where is the respiratory centered (2)

A

medulla oblongata and the pons

77
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do in regards to the respiratory system

A

establishes the rate and depth of breathing

78
Q

what does the pons do in regard to the respiratory system

A

also influences breathing rate

78
Q

what 2 diseases make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

78
Q

chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the 2 diseases that make up:

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

79
Q

what is it called when chewed up food is mixed with spit

A

bolus

80
Q

what is the stuff in the stomach called (barf)

A

chyme

81
Q

the digestive organs collectively make up the _______ _____ or the ______ _____

A

gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal

82
Q

what are the organs of the GI tract

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small/large intestine
rectum
anus

83
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

84
Q

what are the two types of motility

A

peristalsis and segmentation

85
Q

_______ is the term for the movements that move materials through the GI tract

A

motility

86
Q

______ is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract

A

peristalsis

87
Q

_______ is the churning and mixing movements in the small intestine which help dispense the material being digested and combine it with intestinal secretions

A

segmentation

88
Q

_____ is the process of producing and releasing mucin or fluids such as acid, bile, and digestive enzymes

A

secretion

89
Q

_____ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules

A

digestion

90
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion

A

mechanical (chewing)
chemical (enzymes)

91
Q

_____ involves either passive movement or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into the GI tract blood and lymphatic vessesl

A

absorption

92
Q

where are the majority of nutrients absorbed in the GI tract

A

small intsetines

93
Q

where is the initial site of mechanical digestion

A

oral cavity

94
Q

what are the 2 distinct regions of the oral cavity and where are they

A

vestibule (space between cheeks/lips and teeth)
oral cavity proper (where the tongue is)

95
Q

what are the cheeks contain of and what do they do

A

buccinator muscles, they hold solid materials in place during chewing

96
Q

what are the little connecting lines between the lips and gums

A

labial frenulum

97
Q

where is and what is the hard palate formed by

A

forms the anterior 2/3, made of palatine process of maxillae and horizontal process of palatine bones

98
Q

what are the ridges on the top of your mouth called

A

transverse palatine folds

99
Q

where and what is the soft palate formed by

A

post. 1/3 and skeletal muscle

100
Q

what is the projection in the posterior part of the soft palate called

A

uvula (little grape)

101
Q

what serves as an early line of defense as they monitor ingested food/drink for antigens

A

palatine tonsils

102
Q

what is the ridge below the tongue that connects it to the bottom of the mouth

A

the lingual frenulum

103
Q

what is the term for an overly short lingual frenulum

A

ankyloglossia or tongue tied

104
Q

the tongue contains the _____ _____ on the posterior/inferior surface

A

lingual tonsils

105
Q

what salivary enzyme begins chemical digestion by breaking down start into moltose

A

amylase

106
Q

what 3 cranial nerves are associated with taste

A

facial
vagus
glossopharyngeal

107
Q

where do BOTH chemical and mechanical digestion start

A

in the oral cavity

108
Q

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

109
Q

what do you use for gleeking (YUCK)

A

submandibular salivary glands and ducts

110
Q

where are the parotid salivary glands

A

near the ears

111
Q

where are the submandibular salivary glands

A

inferior to the body of the mandible

112
Q

which salivary glands produce most of the saliva

A

submandibular glands

113
Q

where are the sublingual salivary glands

A

under the tongue

114
Q

the salivary glands are primarily innervated by the what

A

parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

115
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

A

facial (CN VII)

116
Q

which cranial. nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN XI)

117
Q

what are the three thick transverse folds in the rectum called and what do they do

A

rectal valves- hold poop while someone ‘passes gas;

118
Q

what does the internal lining of the anal canal have and what are the things in between them called

A

anal columns and anal sinuses

119
Q

what are the 6th and 7tg sphincters

A

internal and external anal sphincters

120
Q

what 3 things do the large intestines form into

A

teniae coli

121
Q

what do the teniae coli do

A

bunch up the large intestines to form HAUSTRA

122
Q

hanging off the external surface iof the haustra are lobules of fat called _____ ______ (_______ _______)

A

epiploic appendages (omental appendages)

123
Q

twisting or venous thrombosis of an epiploic appendage can lead to inflammation resulting in :

A

epiploic appendagitis

124
Q

epiploic appendagitis can be mistaken for

A

apendacitis

125
Q

what separates the liver into 2 lobes

A

falciform ligament

126
Q

what is the porta hapatis

A

a deep fissure on the inf. surface of the right love

127
Q

what does the porta hepatis do

A

allows passage for the hepatic artery proper, common hepatic duct, hepatic portal vein, lymph vessels, and nerves

128
Q

what are liver cells calle

A

hepatocytes

129
Q

what makes up the ‘portal triad’

A

branches of hepatic portal vein
branches of hepatic artery
branches of hepatic duct

130
Q

what liver cells phagocytize debris in the blood as well as help break down and recycle components of aged erythrocytes and damaged/worn-out formed elements

A

reticuloendothelial cells (kupffer cells)

131
Q

hepatocytes produce what

A

bile

132
Q

what does bile do

A

breaks down fats into small droplets to assist their chemical digestion

133
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores it until its needed for digestion

134
Q

what connects the gallbader to the common bile duct

A

cystic duct

135
Q

the tail of the pancreas always points towards the

A

spleen

136
Q

what is the name of the network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

A

biliary apparatus

137
Q

what are the 2 methods to keep the duodenum from being damaged from acid

A

pancreatic juice (contains bicarbonate)
brunner’s gland (located in the submucosa of the duodenum-secrete an alkaline fluid)

138
Q

the L and R hepatic ducts merge to form a single

A

common hepatic duct

139
Q

the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct combine to form the

A

common bile duct

140
Q

what is the name for where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct merge and pierce the duodenal wall

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

141
Q

the exit of the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum is regulated by the

A

sphincter of oddi

142
Q

what is the potential space between the right inf. portion of the liver and the right kidney called

A

morison’s pouch

143
Q

what sits on top of each kidney like a little hat

A

adrenal gland

144
Q

what is the medial concave border of the kidney claled

A

hilum

145
Q

where are the 2 spaces where fluid will accumulate if theres damage/bleeding

A

douglas’ cul-de sac (rectouterine pouch)
morison’s pouch

human anatomy from hell (28 decks)

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