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Geography > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development definition

A

progress in a countries economic growth, use of technology, improving welfare this then improves quality of life

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2
Q

How to measure development

A

measures of development, as it is hard to measure because there are many different factors

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3
Q

Gross national income (development) definition

A

total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including from overseas, measure of wealth, as the country develop it gets higher

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4
Q

GNI per head (development) definition

A

GNI divided by the population, sometimes called GNI per capita, measure of wealth, as the country develops it gets higher

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5
Q

Gross domestic product - GDP (development) definition

A

total value of goods and services a country produces in a year, measure of wealth, as the country develops it gets higher

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6
Q

Birth rate (development) definition

A

number of live babies born per thousand per year, measure of women’s rights, as a country develops it gets lower

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7
Q

Death rate (development) definition

A

number of deaths per thousand per year, measure of health, as a country develops it gets lower

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8
Q

Infant mortality rate (development) definition

A

number of babies who die under 1 years old per thousand, measure of health, as a country develops it gets lower

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9
Q

People per doctor (development) definition

A

average number of people for each doctor, measures health, as a country develops it gets lower

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10
Q

Literacy rate (development) definition

A

percentage of adults who can read and write, measure of education, as a country develops it gets higher

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10
Q

Access to safe water (development) definition

A

percentage of people who can get clean drinking water, measure of health, as a country develops it gets higher

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10
Q

Life expectancy (development) definition

A

average age a person can expect to live, measure of health, as a country develop it gets higher

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11
Q

Human development index - HDI (development) definition

A

number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level, income per head, measure of many thing, as a country develops it gets higher

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11
Q

HIC definition

A

wealthy countries, GNI per head is highand most people have a high quality of life - USA, UK, Canada

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11
Q

LIC definitiono

A

poor countries, GNI per head is very low and most people have a low quality of life - Uganda, Somalia

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11
Q

NEE definition

A

rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from primary based to secondary based, quality of life is improving

11
Q

Why can GNI per head be misleading

A

hides variation in the country, rich cities and poor rural areas, some places have small very wealthy people but a lot of poor people

12
Q

Demographic transition model (DTM) definition

A

shows changing birth, death rates and population growth - shows natural increase and decrease

13
Q

Stage 1 of the DTM

A

least developed, birth rate - high and fluctuating, death rate - high and fluctuating, population growth - zero, population size - low and steady, examples - tribes in Brazil

13
Q

Stage 2 in the DTM

A

not very developed, birth rate - high and steady, death rate - rapidly falling, population growth - very high, population size - rapidly decreasing, examples - Gambia

13
Q

Stage 3 of the DTM

A

more developed, birth rate - rapidly falling, death rate - falling slowly, population growth - high, population size - increasing, examples - India

13
Q

Stage 4 of the DTM

A

more developed, birth rate - low and fluctuating, death rate - low and fluctuating, population growth - zero, population size - high and steady, examples - UK

13
Q

Stage 5 of the DTM

A

most developed, birth rate - slowly falling, death rate - low and steady, population growth - negative, population size - slowly falling, examples - Japan

14
Q

Causes of uneven development

A

physical, economic, historical

14
Q

Physical factors that cause uneven development

A

poor climate (little crops, no food, none to sell, less money for goods and services, less money from taxes, cannot develop the country), poor farming land, few raw materials (few products to sell, less money for development, or do not have money to exploit the materials), natural hazards

14
Q

Historical factors that cause uneven development

A

colonisation (when they are made independent as their economies where controlled by another country so the are dependant on them), conflict (wars reduce development, money is spent on war materials, damage is done)

14
Q

Economic factors that cause uneven development

A

poor trade links (only trades with few countries, can’t make a lot of money so can’t develop), debt (when money is borrowed is has to be paid back so any spare money is used to pay debt not develop), primary products (not much profit selling raw materials as price fluctuates)

14
Q

What consequences does uneven development cause

A

wealth (HICs have higher incomes), health (HICs have better healthcare, live longer, less infant mortality), international migration (if near by countries have higher development people will seek to go there)

14
Q

TNCs definition

A

companies are located or sell products in more than one country, usually located in poorer countries as labour is cheap, main offices are usually in HICs as education is better

14
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A

creates jobs, employees in poorer countries get more reliable income, TNCs spend money to improve the local infrastructure, new technology and skills are brough to LICS, reduce development gap

14
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A

LICs are paid lower wages compared to HICs, poorer countries have to work longer hours in poorer conditions, profits go back to the richer countries, jobs created aren’t secure as the company can move any time

15
Q

How to reduce the development gap

A

aid (money can be spent on development projects - schools, clean water supplies, farming, when money runs out not enough local support), debt relief (more money available for development), fair trade (more money for local people and money is used for development, only a small proportion reaches the original producers), investment, industrial development (LICs is mainly agriculture so developing the industries increases GNI), tourism, using intermediate technology (machines that improve quality of life but are simple and affordable to use), microfinance loans

Geography (42 decks)

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