1.5 Sleep, Drugs, Sensations, & Perception Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
What is NRem 1?
A
-Transition period between being awake and sleeping
-heart rate, eye movements, brain, and breathing slows
-high- amplitude theta waves
2
Q
What is NRem 2?
A
- light sleep stage (1/2 time spent)
- slow heartbeat, breathing muscle activity and eye movement
- sleep spindles: Short burst in brain activity
- k-complexes: sudden an increase in electrical activity
3
Q
What is NRem 3?
A
- body physically repairs, consolidate memories
- deep slow, brain waves muscles, relax, blood pressure and breathing rates decrease
- progress into deep sleep
4
Q
What is REM sleep?
A
- Memory consolidation, and dreaming
- cycle increases when sleep progresses which result in longer periods
- 90 minutes after fall asleep
- eyes move rapidly behind closed eyelids. voluntary muscles are immobilized
- EEG mirrors that of wakefulness
5
Q
What is the circadian rhythm?
A
- The sleep wake cycle of human
- 24 hours long
6
Q
What is the activation synthesis theory?
A
- When we sleep, our brain is still active. activity within areas, responsible for basic biological processes interpreted by parts, responsible for thinking, and processing info
- “why we dream”. Neurological explanation of dreams- the brains attempt to make sense of neural activity occurring during sleep
7
Q
What is the consolidation theory?
A
- memories are stabilized and strengthened after they initially formed
- After learning something new memories undergo a period of consolidation during which they become more resistance to interference and are integrated into existing knowledge networks in the brain
8
Q
What is the consolidation theory?
A
- memories are stabilized and strengthened after they initially formed
- After learning something new memories undergo a period of consolidation during which they become more resistance to interference and are integrated into existing knowledge networks in the brain
9
Q
What is the rem sleep behavior disorder?
A
Sudden body movements or vocalizations when a person hits rem
-ex: people talking or twitching in their sleep
10
Q
What is symbolism?
A
- Complex behaviors, such as walking or talking while in deep sleep with no awareness or memory of the event
11
Q
Agonist
A
Increase neural activity
- ex: heroin, meth, morphine, ocycodine
12
Q
Antagonist
A
Block neural activity (neurotransmission)
- ex: cough syrup
13
Q
What do stimulants do?
A
- increase neural activity and arousal, which result in increase alertness, attention, and energy levels
- ex: caffeine cocaine, nicotine methamphetamine, amphetamine
14
Q
What do depressants do?
A
- decrease neural activity and slow body functioning, which result in relaxation sedation and increase inhibition (self-consciousness)
- ex: alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers, benzodiazepines (Xanax)
15
Q
What do hallucinogens do?
A
- cause hallucinations
- ex: LSD (acid, battery), opioids (OxyContin, morphine , fentanyl), marijuana, heroin
16
Q
Transduction
A
- Convert physical stimulus into neural signals
17
Q
Absolute threshold
A
- minimum level of stimulus needed for detection
18
Q
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
A
Smallest change in a stimulus needed for a person to notice
19
Q
Sensory adaptation
A
- Sensory receptors become less responsive to contact stimuli overtime
- ex: When you first apply perfume, the scent seems strong as you continue to wear it throughout the day you gradually become less aware of the scent
20
Q
Weber’s Law
A
- difference in a stimulus must be proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
- ex: change in volume needed to compensate for additional road. Noise will be proportional to the original volume setting.
21
Q
Synesthesia
A
- mix up senses
- ex: artist who paints what they hear
22
Q
Retina?
A
- inner surface @ back of eye
- convert light to neural signals
23
Q
What is a cone?
A
Visualizes vivid colors and detail in bright light
24
Q
What is a rod responsible for?
A
Vision and low light conditions, and detecting motion
25
What is the fovea responsible for?
- Sharp central vision & high visual acuity
- center of the retina
26
What does the lens do?
Focuses light onto the retina
- adjusts its shape to focus incoming light rays onto the retina
27
What is the olfactory system responsible for?
- smell receptors
- signals to the brain sent via the olfactory nerve
- the thalamus sends info to help identify different odors
28
What is gustation?
Ones sense of taste
29
What is the body’s vestibular sense?
- sense of body orientation & movement (balance & spatial awareness)
30
What does the gate control theory state?
- pain is modulated by a neutral “gate” in the spinal cord
- this gate can open/ close to allow/ block pain signals to be transmitted to the brain
- ex: stub your toe -> massage it -> “close the gate” -> inhibits the transmission of pain signals
31
Whats the function of semicircular canals?
- fluid filled structures in the inner ear
- detect rotational movements of head
32
What is kinesthesis?
Ones sense of body movement & position
33
What is Bottom Up Processing?
- “Details to Big Picture”
- start w/ sm details & then build up to a complete perception
- build up from details
34
What is Top Down Processing?
- “Big Picture to Details”
- interpreting sensory info based on the large context, prior knowledge, & expectations
Think down
35
What is the cocktail party effect?
- ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment
36
What is a perceptual set?
- noticing some aspects of sensory data and ignoring other
- your expectation, anticipation, or fear of encountering something in a forest setting, and the context, dim light, can result in perceiving a branch to be a snake
37
What are the principles of gestalt psychology?
We perceive whole objects or figures rather than a collection of parts
- our brains are wired to see structure, pattern and organization in the world guiding how we interpret sensory info and experience perception
38
What are monocular cues?
- Can be perceived using just one eye
- help to understand depth
39
What are binocular cues?
- Visual info that requires both eyes
- perceive depth and distance
40
What is retinal disparity?
- the Left and right visual field provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object
- put your finger on your nose, then close each eye at different times to see different images
41
What is convergence?
- the N-word movement of both eyes when focusing on a nearby object helps us to determine the distance of set object
42
Wavelength?
- the distance between soundwave peaks
- High frequency waves have short wavelength and higher pitch
- Lower frequency, wave have longer weight of length and lower pitch
43
What is amplitude?
- the measure of the intensity or loudness of a sound wave represented by the height of its peak
- tall amplitude = louder Sounds
short amplitude = quieter sounds
44
What does the place theory state?
- Different parts of the inner ear detect different sound frequencies
- high frequencie:entrance
low pitches: end
- ex: you hear a high-pitched scream in the entrance of your ear
45
What is the volley theory and how does it relate to hearing?
- Groups of auditory neurons fire in rapid succession valley to encode the frequency of sound above 1000 Hz
- ex: volley- is to send something back-and-forth, drumming with both hands is faster than drumming with one
46
What is conduction deafness?
- can be treated, temporary
- hearing impairment caused by problems with the outer or middle ear
- ex: damages to the ear canal eardrum or middle ear bones
- Difficulty hearing soft sounds can be treated with medicine and surgery
47
What is sensorineural deafness?
- lifelong
- hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve
- Result in difficulty hearing soft sounds and understanding speech
- Causes: aging loud noise, medical condition
48
What is prosopagnosia?
- neurological condition, resulting in an inability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face
- often called face blindness
49
What is dichromatism?
- difficulty distinguishing between certain colors- red and green
50
What is blindsight?
- phenomenon where people with damage to the visible cortex can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them
- Suggest that some visual processing can occur subconsciously by bypassing the brains, traditional pathways
