Unit 3: Learning Flashcards
(20 cards)
Assimilation
incorporating new information into existing schemas
Accommodation
adjusting schemas to fit new information
Scaffolding
support provided during learning
Zone of Proximal Development
the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance
Crystallized Intelligence
accumulated knowledge, tied to learning and experience
Fluid intelligence
problem-solving and adaptability, important for learning new concepts
Phonemes
basic sound units of language
Ex: distinguish BAT & PAT by one phonem (/b/ vs. /p/)
Morphemes
smallest units of meaning
Ex:
Un- not
Free: dog, rn
Bound: -s, re-
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences
- how language conveys meaning
Ex:
Individual words & their relationships-
Dog & puppy- related but have diff meanings
Happy & joyful- mean similar things
Meaning derived from sentence structure-
The cat chased the mouse vs. The mouse chased the cat—same words, different meaning.
When a word has multiple meanings-
Bank (a place for money vs. the side of a river)
Learned helplessness
When repeated failure leads to the belief that one has no control over a situation, causing them to stop trying (e.g., a student failing multiple math tests may stop studying altogether).
Insight learning
A sudden realization of how to solve a problem without trial and error (e.g., a chimp stacking boxes to reach a banana without prior training).
Latent learning
Learning that happens but is not demonstrated until needed (e.g., a child learns a route to school by riding with their parent but only shows they know it when they have to walk alone).
Instinctive drift
when an animal (or even a person) learns a new behavior but eventually reverts back to its natural instincts, even if the learned behavior was reinforced.
Positive punishment
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., giving a speeding ticket)
Negative reinforcement
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., taking away a toy after bad behavior).
Skinner box
A controlled environment used to study how reinforcement and punishment shape behavior in animals.
Habituation
decreasing response to a repeated stimulus over time
Behavioral perspective
focuses on how behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment
Associative Learning (Classical Conditioning)
learning through association between stimuli
Conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, triggers a response
- NOT naturally occurring (unconditioned)
