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Ap Psychology > 5.5 > Flashcards

5.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is deinstitutionalization?

A

The process of moving patients with mental illness out of large, state-run institutions into community-based care settings.

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2
Q

What are the guidelines for therapists?

A

Includes informed consent, confidentiality, competence, avoiding harm, multiple relationships, and cultural sensitivity.

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3
Q

What is group therapy?

A

A form of therapy where one or more therapists treat multiple clients at the same time.

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4
Q

What is individual therapy?

A

One-on-one sessions between a therapist and a client to address personal mental health issues.

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5
Q

What are psychodynamic therapies?

A

Focus on unconscious processes and early life experiences to understand current behavior.

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6
Q

What is free association?

A

A psychodynamic technique where a client says whatever comes to mind to uncover unconscious thoughts.

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7
Q

What is dream interpretation?

A

Analyzing dreams to reveal unconscious desires or conflicts.

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8
Q

What is person-centered therapy?

A

Developed by Carl Rogers; emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and the client’s capacity for self-growth.

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9
Q

What is active listening?

A

A technique where the therapist fully concentrates, understands, and responds to the client with empathy.

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10
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Accepting and supporting the client regardless of what they say or do.

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11
Q

What are cognitive therapies?

A

Aim to change negative or distorted thinking patterns.

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12
Q

What is maladaptive thinking?

A

Harmful or irrational thought patterns that contribute to emotional or behavioral problems.

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13
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

Replacing distorted thoughts with more realistic and positive ones.

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14
Q

What is the cognitive triad?

A

A model by Aaron Beck involving negative views of the self, world, and future.

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15
Q

What is applied behavior analysis?

A

Uses principles of learning to change behavior, often used with autism.

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16
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

Gradually exposes clients to feared situations to reduce anxiety.

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17
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli.

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18
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Pairs an unwanted behavior with discomfort to discourage it.

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19
Q

What are token economies?

A

Reward systems where tokens can be exchanged for desired items or privileges.

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20
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

Uses sensors to give clients real-time information about physiological functions so they can learn control.

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21
Q

What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to change thinking and behavior.

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22
Q

What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

A

A form of CBT focused on emotion regulation, especially for borderline personality disorder.

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23
Q

What is rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

A

Challenges irrational beliefs to reduce emotional distress.

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24
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A state of focused attention and increased suggestibility used to treat various issues.

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25
What are evidence-based interventions?
Treatments backed by scientific research and proven effectiveness.
26
What are psychoactive medications?
Drugs that alter mood, perception, or behavior.
27
What is the Psychotropic Medication Theory? How does it work?
A broader term for drugs affecting mental processes. • Theory (How It Works): Most affect neurotransmitter levels or receptor sensitivity in the brain.
28
What are antidepressants?
Treat depression by increasing neurotransmitters like serotonin or norepinephrine.
29
What are SSRIs?
A common antidepressant that increases serotonin levels (e.g., Prozac).
30
What is lithium?
A mood stabilizer often used to treat bipolar disorder.
31
What are antianxiety drugs?
Reduce anxiety symptoms, often by slowing nervous system activity.
32
What are benzodiazepines?
Fast-acting antianxiety drugs that increase GABA (e.g., Xanax).
33
What are azapirones?
Slower-acting antianxiety drugs with less risk of dependence (e.g., Buspirone).
34
What are antipsychotic drugs?
Treat severe mental disorders like schizophrenia.
35
What are atypical antipsychotics?
Newer drugs with fewer motor side effects (e.g., Risperdal).
36
What are typical antipsychotics?
Older drugs that can cause more severe side effects like tardive dyskinesia.
37
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Involuntary movements, often a side effect of long-term antipsychotic use.
38
What is psychosurgery?
Surgical procedures that alter brain function to treat mental illness.
39
What is a lobotomy?
Outdated surgery that cut brain connections, often causing major side effects.
40
What is lesioning?
Destroying specific brain areas to relieve symptoms.
41
What is TMS?
Non-invasive brain stimulation used to treat depression.
42
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
Induces seizures to treat severe depression when other treatments fail.
43
What is clinical psychology?
The study and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
44
What is psychology student syndrome?
When students studying disorders begin to believe they have them.
45
What is DSM-5?
The American manual for diagnosing mental disorders.
46
What is ICD-11?
The global diagnostic classification system from the World Health Organization.
47
What is abnormal psychology?
The study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, or thought.
48
What is deviation?
Behavior that is statistically or socially unusual.
49
What is distress?
Emotional pain or suffering caused by a condition.
50
What is dysfunction?
When a condition interferes with daily life.
51
What is stigma?
Negative attitudes and beliefs about mental illness.
52
What is the biological perspective in psychology?
Focuses on brain structures, genetics, and neurotransmitters.
53
What is the behavioral perspective in psychology?
Emphasizes learned behaviors through conditioning.
54
What is the psychodynamic perspective in psychology?
Emphasizes unconscious drives and childhood experiences.
55
What is the humanistic perspective in psychology?
Focuses on individual growth and self-actualization.
56
What is the cognitive perspective in psychology?
Focuses on thought processes and how they influence behavior.
57
What is the evolutionary perspective in psychology?
Explains behavior through natural selection and adaptation.
58
What is the sociocultural perspective in psychology?
Looks at how society and culture influence behavior.
59
What is the eclectic approach in psychology?
Uses techniques from multiple perspectives.
60
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Mental disorders result from genetic vulnerability + stress.
61
What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
A group of disorders that begin in childhood and affect brain development, impacting learning, behavior, and social functioning.
62
Define ADHD.
A disorder marked by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.
63
What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
A developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior, often involving repetitive patterns and difficulties in social interaction.
64
What are Anxiety Disorders?
Mental health conditions involving excessive fear or anxiety that disrupt daily life.
65
What is a Specific Phobia?
An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation, such as heights or animals.
66
What is Agoraphobia?
Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable during a panic attack, often leading to avoidance of public places.
67
What defines Panic Disorder?
A condition where a person experiences sudden and repeated episodes of intense fear known as panic attacks.
68
What is Ataque de Nervios?
A culturally recognized condition (mainly in Latin cultures) involving intense emotional distress, screaming, crying, or fainting during stressful events.
69
Define Social Anxiety Disorder.
An intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations, leading to avoidance of social interactions.
70
What is Tajin Kyofusho?
A culture-bound syndrome from Japan involving intense fear of offending or embarrassing others through one’s appearance or behavior.
71
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life, often accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness and fatigue.
72
What are Depressive Disorders?
Mental health disorders marked by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.
73
Define Major Depressive Disorder.
A mood disorder with prolonged periods of deep sadness, loss of interest, and other emotional and physical symptoms.
74
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
A chronic form of depression lasting two or more years, with milder but long-term symptoms.
75
What characterizes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
A disorder involving unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) performed to ease anxiety.
76
Define Hoarding Disorder.
Difficulty discarding possessions, leading to cluttered living spaces and distress.
77
What are Trauma Related Disorders?
Disorders that develop in response to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.
78
What is PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)?
A condition where someone experiences flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety after a traumatic event.
79
Define Bipolar Disorder.
A mood disorder with alternating periods of depression and mania or hypomania.
80
What is Bipolar Cycling?
The shift between depressive and manic/hypomanic episodes over time.
81
What does Mania refer to?
A state of elevated or irritable mood, high energy, and often impulsive behavior.
82
What is Depression?
A low mood lasting at least two weeks, involving sadness, fatigue, and loss of interest in activities.
83
Define Hypomanic Episode.
A milder form of mania that doesn’t cause severe impairment but is noticeable.
84
What is a Manic Episode?
A period of extremely elevated mood and activity levels, often requiring hospitalization.
85
What is Bipolar I?
Bipolar disorder characterized by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
86
What characterizes Bipolar II?
A form of bipolar disorder with hypomanic and depressive episodes but no full manic episodes.
87
Define Eating Disorders.
Mental health conditions involving unhealthy eating habits and preoccupation with weight or body image.
88
What is Anorexia?
An eating disorder marked by extreme restriction of food intake and an intense fear of gaining weight.
89
What characterizes Bulimia?
An eating disorder involving cycles of binge eating followed by purging through vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
90
What is Psychosis?
A mental state involving a disconnection from reality, such as hallucinations or delusions.
91
Define Schizophrenia.
A severe mental disorder involving distorted thinking, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors.
92
What are Delusions?
Strongly held false beliefs not based in reality.
93
What are Hallucinations?
Sensory experiences (like hearing voices) that aren’t real.
94
Define Disordered Thinking.
Impaired reasoning and logic, often seen in psychotic disorders.
95
What is Disorganized Motor Behavior?
Unusual or purposeless movements, including agitation or catatonia.
96
What are Negative Symptoms in schizophrenia?
Traits in schizophrenia like reduced emotion, speech, or motivation.
97
Define Flat Affect.
A lack of emotional expression, often seen in schizophrenia.
98
What is Dissociative Amnesia?
Memory loss caused by psychological stress or trauma, not due to physical brain injury.
99
What characterizes Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
A condition where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states.
100
Define Personality Disorders.
Long-standing patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impairment.
101
What is Cluster A in personality disorders?
A group of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors.
102
Define Paranoid Personality Disorder.
Cluster A A pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without sufficient reason.
103
What characterizes Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Cluster A Detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.
104
What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Cluster A Discomfort in close relationships, eccentric behavior, and distorted thinking.
105
What is Cluster B in personality disorders?
A group of personality disorders involving dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior.
106
Define Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Cluster B Disregard for others’ rights, impulsivity, and often criminal behavior.
107
What characterizes Borderline Personality Disorder?
Cluster B Instability in mood, relationships, and self-image, often with impulsive behavior.
108
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Cluster B Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
109
Define Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Cluster B A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
110
What is Cluster C in personality disorders?
A group of personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors.
111
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Cluster C Social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy, leading to avoidance of social interaction.
112
Define Dependent Personality Disorder.
Cluster C Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to clingy and submissive behavior.
113
What characterizes Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?
Cluster C A preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, different from OCD.

Ap Psychology (13 decks)

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