Unit 3: developemt

Question 1

Cross- sectional research

Answer 1

Studies different age groups at one point in time to compare differences.

Question 2

Cohort effects

Answer 2

Differences in development due to historical or cultural influences rather than age.

Question 3

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year)

Answer 3

Learning to trust caregivers for basic needs; failure leads to fear and mistrust.

Question 4

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year)

Answer 4

Learning to trust caregivers for basic needs; failure leads to fear and mistrust.

Question 5

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood, 1-3 years)

Answer 5

Developing independence and control; too much restriction leads to shame.

Question 6

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-6 years)

Answer 6

Exploring, taking initiative; excessive control leads to guilt.

Question 7

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-12 years)

Answer 7

Developing competence in school and social skills; failure leads to inferiority.

Question 8

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years)

Answer 8

Forming a sense of self; confusion leads to identity crises.

Question 9

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 18-40 years)

Answer 9

Establishing close relationships; failure leads to isolation.

Question 10

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years)

Answer 10

Contributing to society/family; failure leads to stagnation.

Question 11

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65+ years)

Answer 11

Reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.

Question 12

Teratogens

Answer 12

Harmful substances (e.g., drugs, alcohol) that can cause birth defects during prenatal development.

Question 13

Gross motor coordination

Answer 13

Large muscle movements (e.g., crawling, walking).

Question 14

Visual cliff experament

Answer 14

A study that tested infants’ depth perception using a glass-covered drop-off.

Question 15

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 15

The reproductive organs that enable reproduction.

Question 16

Secondary sec characteristic

Answer 16

Non-reproductive traits (e.g., deeper voice, body hair).

Question 17

Identify diffusion

Answer 17

Lack of direction or commitment to a sense of self.

Question 18

Identity foreclosure

Answer 18

Accepting an identity without personal exploration (often imposed by parents/society).

Question 19

Identity moratorium

Answer 19

Actively exploring different identities without making a final commitment

Question 20

Male chromosomes

Answer 20

XY

Question 21

Female chromosomes

Answer 21

XX

Question 22

Menarche

Answer 22

A female’s first menstrual period, signaling reproductive maturity.

Question 23

Spermarche

Answer 23

A male’s first ejaculation, marking reproductive capability.

Question 24

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

Answer 24

Infants learn through senses and actions.

Object Permanence – Understanding that objects exist even when not seen.

Question 25

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

Answer 25

- Language and symbolic thinking develop, but logic is limited.

Question 26

Parallel Play(2)

Answer 26

Playing alongside others w/o interacting

Question 27

Egocentrism (2)

Answer 27

Difficulty understanding other perspectives

Question 28

Theory of Mind (2)

Answer 28

Developing awareness of others’ thoughts and feelings.

Question 29

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Answer 29

Logical thinking develops, but only for concrete objects.

Question 30

Conservation (3)

Answer 30

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.

Question 31

Reversibility (3)

Answer 31

Ability to mentally reverse actions.

Question 32

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 4. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)

Answer 32

Abstract and hypothetical thinking develop.

Question 33

Scaffolding- Leo Vygotsky

Answer 33

Support given to help a child learn a new skill, gradually removed as they master it.

Question 34

Ecological systems theory

Answer 34

Proposed by Bronfenbrenner, this theory suggests that human development is influenced by multiple layers of environmental factors (e.g., family, community, culture, laws).

Question 35

Authoritarian Parenting style

Answer 35

Strict, high demand, low warmth, focuses on obedience.

Question 36

Permissive parenting style

Answer 36

Lenient, low demand, high warmth, fewer rules.

Question 37

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 37

Balanced, high demand, high warmth, set limits but are responsive.

Question 38

Critical period- Lorenz

Answer 38

A specific time frame in development when certain experiences must happen to form proper attachments or development.

Question 39

Imprinting- Lorenz

Answer 39

The process by which animals form attachments to the first moving object they encounter, typically their caregiver.

Question 40

Anxious- Ambivalent attachment style

Answer 40

Child is unsure, both seeking and resisting caregiver comfort, often anxious about their relationship.