Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VBMS 325 > Module 1- Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 1- Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

process of breaking down food molecule to release ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ventilation- CO2 vs O2

A

O2: environment -> cells

CO2: cells -> environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ficks law determines what

A

rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ficks law equation

A

Q = delta C x A x D / delta X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how to maximize diffusion

A

maximize stuff on top of equation & minimize stuff on bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

air pathway

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

conducting zone

A

gas transport, no absorption & covered in mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

respiratory zone

A

gas exchange, no mucous to slow diffusion down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pleural cavity

A

made of 2 layers, sticks to lungs & ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F: if you lose pleural cavity then you lose ability to breathe

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transitional zone

A

minimal gas exchange, no muscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

obligate nasal breathers

A

epiglottis seals trachea from oral cavity = cannot breathe through mouth

horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inspiration vs expiration muscles

A

inspiration: active, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles & accessory muscles in neck

expiration: passive, abdominal muscles & internal intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

contract to bring ribs down & allow expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 parts to nasal conchae (turbinates)

A

superior, middle & interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

purpose of nasal turbinates

A

warms & moistens the air that you breathe in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what animals have larger nasal turbinates

A

desert animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

non-respiratory functions

A

1) regulation of water loss/heat exchange
2) circulation
3) acid-base balance
4) defence
5) removal of materials
6) olfaction
7) sound production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mediastinum

A

respiratory pump that facilitates venous return- must be low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does respiration control pH

A

accumulate & then breathe out protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adenoids

A

lymphatic tissues that ensure no pathogens come through by trapping bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mucocillary escalator

A
  • goblet cells secrete mucous
  • cilia beat down-> up to bring mucous up & out to throat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sneezing reflex

A

gets rid of anything irritating higher up by clearing nose (aka sneezing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

swallow & destroy bacteria and can be inhibited by stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what occurs if there is no cilia

A

no mucociliary escalator = accumulation of mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

prostaglandins

A

chemical messengers that mediate local response and are deactivated when they reach the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lungs generate what hormone

A

angiotension II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

angiotension II

A

hormone that regulates blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why do you lose your smell with a cold

A

everything is coated in mucous = no messaging for smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tidal volume increases & ( ) decreases as animals get larger

A

respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pulmonary ventilation equation

A

= tidal volume x respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

anatomic dead space

A

old air remaining in conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

physiological dead space=

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar air with no blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

equipment dead space

A

anything that increases respiratory tract volume (tube or mask)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

FEV1%=

A

FEV1/VC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

FEV1 =

A

around 80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

obstructive lung disease & example

A

cannot exhale easily due to narrowing of airways

example) asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

restrictive lung disease & example

A

cannot inhale as easily due to lung stiffness or lung restrictiveness

example) pulmonary fibrosis, obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

need pressure in lungs to be lower than atmospheric pressure so air can move into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pleural cavity -> interpleural pressure change? why?

A

760mmHg -> 756

as lung recoils there is lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

boyles law

A

volume & pressure are inversely proportional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

why is expiration passive

A

bc there is a transmural pressure gradient that sucks it back up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

as lung volume decreases, inter-pleural pressure

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

purpose of interpleural pressure

A

prevents lungs from collapsing on themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

respiratory pump

A

lower pressure in mediastinum helps venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pneumothorax & cause

A

loss of sub-atmospheric pressure in pleural cavity
- caused by hole in chest or lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

lung elasticity

A

how easily the lung recoils after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

elastin fibers

A

bring lungs back to normal shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

liquid adapts to make a sphere due to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

surfactant

A

counteracts pressure by preventing collapse of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

compliance vs elasticity

A

C- ability to stretch the lungs (fill)
E- ability to relax the lungs (empty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

law of laplace

A

when air comes in, there is equal pressure everywhere to avoid the collapse of small alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

there is more surfactant in ( ) alveoli

A

small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

compliance

A

how much effort is required to stretch the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

low compliance vs high compliance

A

low: requires more effort during inspiration
high: no recoil so it requires more effort during expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

no surfactant in lungs yet so need to inject synthetic surfactant so they can breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

scar tissue = no elastic = cannot inflate the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

emphysema

A

lungs are stuck in open position = difficult to breathe out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

airway resistance

A

small decrease in radius = large increase in resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

bronchoconstriction & relaxation nerves

A

B= vagal
R= sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

asthma

A

walls are inflamed & thickened = more fluid = radius of airways decreases = less air reaching lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

asthma attack & treatment

A

smooth muscle contracts = decreased radius of airways

inhaler with beta-2 agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

A

mucous accumulation = airway radius decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

chronic bronchitis cause

A

exposure to irritant (smoking)

more mucous = decreased radius of airways = decreased ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

necrotic laryngitis

A

bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

tracheal collapse

A

trachea is weakened = collapses = reduced diameter of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

laryngeal paralysis

A

prevents max opening of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

brachycephalic syndrome

A

blocks entrance of trachea at back of throat = saccules are everted = less space for airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

()% of resting metabolic rate is for respiration

A

3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

T or F: metabolic rate stays the same during excerise

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

gas exchange

A

gas: alveolous -> capillary
CO2: RBC -> alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells

A

1- alveolus
2- secretes surfactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

more gas in air =

A

more pressure the gas will have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

T or F: pressure is not related to size of the molecule

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

alveolar partial pressure of O2 vs CO2

A

O2= 105
CO2=40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

gas moves from ( ) to () pressures

A

high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

deoxygenated blood comes into lungs at ()mmHg

A

40-46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

T or F: gas exchange is active

A

F- it just follows concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

when does gas exchange start

A

when capillary is in contact with alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

CO2 is ( ) soluble in water than O2

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

pulmonary edema

A

water accumulates between alveoli & capillaries = left side heart failure

82
Q

fibrosis

A

thickened alveoli walls

83
Q

pneumonia

A

accumulation of fluid in alveoli

84
Q

O2 has poor solubility in () water

A

hot & salty

85
Q

you need ()L of O2 pumped per minute

A

83

86
Q

T or F: partial pressure of gas is only exerted by gas molecules that are dissolved not blood bound molecules

A

T

87
Q

()% of O2 is bound to Hb and ()% is dissolved

A

98.5, 1.5

88
Q

arterial vs venous blood

A

arterial- bright red
venous- dark red, deoxygenated

89
Q

how is Hb released into blood

A

the spleen contracts & releases it

90
Q

what 3 things upregulates Hb concentration & what decreases it?

A

up: activity, seasonal, altitude

down: stress

91
Q

when can myoglobin be present in the blood

A

after muscle damage

92
Q

how to test for heart attack

A

if myoglobin is present in blood

93
Q

low of mass action equation

A

A + B <-> C

94
Q

R vs T state

A

R= relaxed = all O2
T= tense = no O2

95
Q

PO2 increases as blood moves to

A

lungs

96
Q

myoglobin role

A

facilitates diffusion of O2 from blood -> muscles

97
Q

if cell reaches very low PO2 level ( ) will release its O2

A

myoglobin

98
Q

bohr effect

A

right shift in dissociation curve that allow Hb to drop off more O2
- tissues are 35% saturated instead of 50%
- occurs only in active tissues

99
Q

3 causes for bohr shift

A

pH, temp & organic phosphate

100
Q

carbon monoxide

A

left shift of dissociation curve, Hb has higher affinity for CO so it forms COHb = keeps in R state = Hb is unable to drop O2

101
Q

T or F: it is not the lack of Hb carrying the O2 that kills, it is the lower threshold of release of O2 in the presence of CO that does

A

T

102
Q

anemia

A

decreased O2 carrying capacity

103
Q

3 main causes of anemia

A

1) cannot make iron without RBC
2) hemolytic anemia = jaundice
3) blood loss

104
Q

CO2 travels from ( ) to ( )

A

tissues -> alveoli

105
Q

3 main ways of CO2 transportation

A

1) dissolved in blood
2) bound to Hb = forms HbCO2
3) bicarbonate= slow

106
Q

haldane effect

A

increases removal of CO2

107
Q

how do the bohr effect & haldane effect work together

A

the more O2 dropped in bohr = more CO2 picked up in haldane

108
Q

cyanide poisoning

A

inhibits cellular aerobic respiration enzyme = all O2 stays in tissues

109
Q

indication & treatment of cyanide poisoning

A

bright red venous blood b/c O2 is not released from Hb

treatment: nitrites

110
Q

nitrate poisoning

A

too much nitrates = accumulation of nitrites = forms methHb which cannot carry O2

111
Q

indication & treatment of nitrate poisoning

A

chocolate coloured blood (little O2)
treatment: methylene blue (methHb -> Hb)

112
Q

main muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

113
Q

control of respiration

A

controlled by neurons in medullar centre
when they fire = contraction
when inactive= passive expiration

114
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

inspiratory neurons fire for quiet breathing

115
Q

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

inspiratory & expiratory muscles inactive during quiet breathing & active for everything else

116
Q

expiratory neurons fire during ( ) expiration

A

forced, not passive

117
Q

3 main controls of respiration

A

1) pattern generator = inspiration/expiration pattern
2) magnitude= frequency & depth of breathing
3) other factors: vocalization, holding breath, sneezing, coughing, etc

118
Q

pre-botzinger complex

A

neurons with pacemaker activity that generate breathing pattern & stimulate DRG

119
Q

pneumotaxis center

A

tells DRG to switch off inspiratory neurons so you can exhale

uses double negative control

120
Q

apneustic centre

A

stops inspiratory neurons from being turned off = makes you inhale more/take deeper breath

121
Q

respiratory voluntary control is controlled by

A

cerebral cortex

122
Q

Hering-breuer reflex

A

smooth muscle receptors in airways sense stretch -> send AP via vagus nerve to inhbit VRG & apneustic center -> pnemotaxis center is activated

123
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located on aorta & carotid bodies
- activated when PO2 in arterial blood falls below 60mmHg = H increases in arterial blood
- tells brain to increase frequency of respiration of correct low PO2

124
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

located near medulla
respond to PO2, PCO2 & H in brain not blood

125
Q

T or F: arterial H cannot cross blood/brain barrier

A

T

126
Q

problem with peripheral chemoreceptors

A

receptors do not fire until PO2 is critically low

127
Q

systemic acidosis respiratory compensation

A

exercise lots to blow off extra H

128
Q

normal pH of blood

A

7.4

129
Q

to increase pH, you need to ( ) breathing to re-accumulate ( )

A

slow down, CO2

130
Q

[H+] in brain too high vs too - central chemoreceptors responses

A

high- ventilation is increased
low- ventilation is reduced

131
Q
A
132
Q

carbonic anhydrase reaction

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3 + H

133
Q

respiration is controlled mainly via changes in

A

CO2 concentration, not O2 bc it is too small to measure

134
Q

why can’t you hold your breath for long?

A

CO2 accumulates = H accumulates = body hits threshold = brain takes over & forces you to breathe

135
Q

why are central chemoreceptors activated well before CO2 gets too high when holding your breath?

A

centre cannot respond of you wait until last minute

136
Q

perfusion

A

deciding how much of lungs actually receive O2 & allow for gas exchange

137
Q

2 ways to control PO2 & PCO2

A

chemoreceptors & perfusion

138
Q

bronchial vs pulmonary circulation

A

B- oxygenated blood to bronchial smooth muscles
P- deoxygenated blood in lungs for gas exchange

139
Q

T or F: lungs are homogenous

A

F

140
Q

layers of perfusion in the lungs

A

bottom= perfusion is constant & always has O2
middle= perfusion is sporadic
top= perfusion is absent

141
Q

V/Q ratio

A

there should be enough blood to pick up available O2 & enough O2 to saturate Hb of available blood

142
Q

target V/Q ratio

A

=1

143
Q

if V/Q >1

A

Q is too low = pulmonary embolism
CO2 decreases = constriction of airway
O2 increases = vasodilation of blood vessel to try correct imbalance of ratio by increasing perfusion

144
Q

if V/Q < 1

A

V is too low
obstruction of airway by fluid/mucous
CO2 increases = vasodilation of airways
O2 decreases= vasoconstriction of smooth muscles to correct imbalance

145
Q

PO2 in tissues (opposite to lungs)

A

decrease = vasodilation
increase=vasoconstriction -> directs oxygenated blood elsewhere

146
Q

T or F: bird lungs are rigid (cannot inflate or deflate)

A

T

147
Q

air sacs

A

allow bird to draw in air

148
Q

why can a respiratory disease in birds affect their bones

A

b/c some of their air sacs extend into bones

149
Q

is bird or mammalian respiration more efficient? why?

A

bird bc they do not use tidal breathing

150
Q

cross current exchange

A

improves concentration gradient between air & blood

151
Q

blood brain barrier in birds is ( )% thinner than in mammals

A

30-40%

152
Q

capillary blood volume per gram of body weight is ( )% greater in birds than mammals

A

20%

153
Q

the exchange area per gram of body weight in birds is ( )x of mammals

A

10

154
Q

bird air pathway

A

air comes into back air sacs -> lungs -> front air sacs -> out

155
Q

T or F: inspiration & expiration is active in birds

A

T

156
Q

bird inspiration

A

sternum is lowered = expands chest cavity volume
lower pressure = air sacs fill

157
Q

posterior & anterior air sacs in inspiration vs expiration

A

1) inspiration
P- pull air into trachea, bronchi & lung (from outside)
A- pull air from lungs

2) expiration
P- air moves into lungs
A- air moves into trachea & out

158
Q

bird expiration

A

sternum moves backwards & up = reduces chest cavity volume= air sacs are compressed = air moves out = expiration

159
Q

T or F: birds accumulate CO way faster than humans

A

T

160
Q

aerosol toxicity for birds

A

teflon, ammonia, natural gas, tobacco smoke

161
Q

what birds were used as CO monitors

A

canaries

162
Q

what are the main site of gas exchange in fish

A

gills

163
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the gills

A

lamellae

164
Q

how does gas exchange in fish work

A

water goes past the gills -> O2 is diffused from water & into blood

165
Q

bony fish

A

operculum (hard bony flap) seals the hole of the gills

166
Q

gill rakers

A

acts like a comb to remove sand/gravels to avoid damage to the gills

167
Q

fish breathing pump- water enters vs exits

A

enters: mouth opens -> opercular cavity is closed -> bottom of buccal cavity is lowered -> decrease in pressure -> water enters via mouth

exit: mouth closed -> opercular cavity is open -> bottom of buccal cavity is raised -> increase in pressure -> water exits

168
Q

what kind of respiration do fish use & why?

A

flow through bc water is super heavy

169
Q

why do fish breathe through their mouth & not nose

A

nostrils are blind pouches - they are not connected to mouth like mammals

170
Q

ram ventilation

A

when fish is moving they can open their mouth & water flows passively into opercula = water current for gas exchange

171
Q

what type of fish depend only on ram ventilation

A

tuna

172
Q

T or F: ram ventilation can be used whenever, but is not depended on by most fish

A

T

173
Q

when do rainbow trout switch to ram ventilation

A

past a speed of 24 cm/s

174
Q

when fish switch to ram ventilation, their metabolic rate drops by ( ). why?

A

10%, bc water is very viscous = energy costly

175
Q

cartilaginous fishes

A

no operculum, but has 5 gill silts for each 5 gill arches

176
Q

why do more primitive sharks have 6 or 7 gill arches

A

evolution is selecting for fewer gill arches

177
Q

example of cartilaginous fish

A

shark

178
Q

cartilaginous fishes breathing pump

A

same as other fish- gill slits close to prevent back flow

179
Q

T or F: sharks use ram ventilation when swimming long distances

A

T

180
Q

spiracle

A

hole behind eye that serves for water entry when mouth is closed

181
Q

what fish have spiracles

A

cartilaginous fishes

182
Q

skates & rays have exaggerated spiracles b/c

A

they need it to breathe in clean water not sand like their mouth will bc they are bottom-dwelling species

183
Q

what is the most primitive fish alive

A

lamprey

184
Q

lamprey respiration

A

no jaw so it attaches to other fish & snorts their blood
they use tidal ventilation to breathe when sucking blood

185
Q

tidal ventilation

A

water goes in & out of gill slits

186
Q

T or F: there is not a single definiton of fish

A

T

187
Q

fish use ( ) current exchange

A

counter

188
Q

concurrent vs countercurrent

A

concurrent- blood & air move in same direction
countercurrent: blood & air move in opposite directions

189
Q

benefits of countercurrent exchange

A

can extract more O2

190
Q

deoxygenated vs oxygenated blood & air direction in countercurrent exchange

A

d- blood moves caudal & air moves cranial
o- blood moves cranial & air moves caudal

191
Q

are fish ecto or endotherms

A

ectotherms

192
Q

are birds ecto or endotherms

A

endotherms

193
Q

ectotherms

A

outside temperature will affect Hb carrying O2

194
Q

why cannot fish survive in warm water

A

Hb cannot pick up enough O2 = suffocation

195
Q

tuna adaptation of temperature

A

warm their eyeballs to see better by using muscles to warm the blood & send back to eyeballs

196
Q

active fish can increase their entire body temp up to ( ) degrees

A

10 degrees

197
Q

why do many fish have 2 types of Hb

A

to get the right Hb in the right situation

198
Q

5 functions of gills

A

respiration, acid-base balance, excretion, nutrient uptake & osmoregulation

199
Q

T or F: gills are directly exposed to the environment which makes fish very susceptible to diseases

A

T

200
Q

T or F: injury to the gills can cause suffocation

A

T

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions