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VBMS 325 > module 4- male reproduction, sex determination, mating > Flashcards

module 4- male reproduction, sex determination, mating Flashcards

1
Q

sexual dimorphism & example

A

distinguishes members of same species by sex
- size

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2
Q

T or F: sexual dimorphic traits are low in numbers

A

T

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3
Q

sex differences & example

A

differences in average of a phenotype between males & females
- height

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4
Q

T or F: females & males have same hormones but produced in diff amounts

A

T

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5
Q

sex of an animal

A

the ability to produce a particular type of gamete along with any associated phenotypic traits

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6
Q

intersex individuals

A

animals born with varying presentations of male & female genitalia

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7
Q

example of intersex animal

A

honeycreeper

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8
Q

sex determination

A

process of development of ovaries or testes from embryonic gonad

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9
Q

why can you have sex reversal?

A

b/c the integration of community cell fates are not set in stone

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10
Q

GSD vs ESD

A

GSD- genetic sex determination, depends on sex chromosomes, most common way

ESD-environmental sex determination, no sex chromosomes, depends on external factors

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11
Q

mammals/frogs, birds/amphibians & insects genotype for males vs females

A

mammals/frogs: XY = male
amphibians/birds: ZZ male
insects: XO = male

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12
Q

what is the oldest known animal for sex chromosomes

A

octopus (XX=male)

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13
Q

1st, 2nd & 3rd trimester major events

A

1) fertilization
2) sex determination
3) testicular descent

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14
Q

primordial germ cells

A

stem cells that are capable of becoming egg or sperm

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15
Q

T or F: yolk sac is for blood cell development

A

T

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16
Q

what occurs when yolk sac is abolished?

A

primordial germ cells move back into the embyro

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17
Q

how do primordial germ cells move?

A

migrate as a group from allantois -> hindgut

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18
Q

what 2 things do somatic cells around primordial germ cells secrete?

A

chemoattractants - help PGCs induce migration and survival factors

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19
Q

teratomas

A

tumours that form when PCGs grow outside genital ridge = can grow teeth & hair b/c these cells have potential for development

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20
Q

what is the genital ridge & where does it form?

A

where gonads develop, forms near embryonic kidneys

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21
Q

bipotential gonad

A

development is unknown but can become ovary or testes later

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22
Q

primitive sex cords

A

compact strands of tissue that incorporate PGCs & allow formation of gonad

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23
Q

paramesonephric duct

A

mullerian duct

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24
Q

T or F: no single factor is responsible for activation of ovary or testes development in ALL vertebrates

A

T

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25
Q

SRY gene

A

stimulates production of a protein called TDF, females lack this gene

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26
Q

phenotypic sex

A

visual anatomic sex of an individual, depends on presence or absence of testes

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27
Q

what do wolffian ducts develop into?

A

the male reproductive tract

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28
Q

anti-mullerian hormone function

A

inhibits female duct system

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29
Q

testosterone is reduced to what?

A

DHT- dihydrotestosterone

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30
Q

FOXI2 vs SOX9 gene function

A

FOX-drives development of ovaries
SOX-produces antimullerian hormone

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31
Q

T or F: social stress from lack of male = cause female to form into male to fertilize the females egg

A

T

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32
Q

epigenic regulation

A

altering gene expression & phenotype without changing DNA sequence- genes get methylated (respressed)

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33
Q

how does sex determination work in turtle eggs in sand?

A

higher temperature forms females = demethylation (activation) of FOXI2

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34
Q

STAT-3 function

A

roles in temp & stress responses that lead to sex determination

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35
Q

cumulative process

A

long developmental window so changing fertilized eggs between temperatures can switch sexual development until specific development of gonads

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36
Q

why do gonads need a tightly regulated network of transcription factors & cell signalling molecules?

A

b/c disorders of sex development (DSDs) can occur
- infertility & dysfunction

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37
Q

polled intersex syndrome

A

a deletion in chromosome 1 that effects polled gene & FOXI2
- FOXI2: need 2 copies for effects
- polled: only need 1 copy

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38
Q

polled intersex goat phenotype for heterozygous male, infertile phenotypic male & phenotypic male

A

heterozygous male- polled & 1 FOXI2 gene
infertile phenotypic male- no FOXI2 gene, polled
phenotypic female: polled, 1 copy of FOXI2

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39
Q

turners syndrome

A

only 1 chromosome is present

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40
Q

hypoplastic ovary

A

underdeveloped ovary & small uterus

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41
Q

gonadal dysgenesis

A

lack of proper genes occurs when 1 X chromosome is present

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42
Q

infantile result from

A

lack of gonadal hormones

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43
Q

klinefelters syndrome

A

occurs from non-disjunction during meiosis

XXX female infertile

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44
Q

true parthenogenesis occurs in

A

females

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45
Q

how many species use parthenogenesis

A

80

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46
Q

obligate vs facultative parthenogenesis

A

obligate: only asexual reproduction
facultative: only sometimes uses sexual if stressed

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47
Q

why do mammals not use facultative parthenogenesis

A

mammals use genomic imprinting and require maternal genes & specific male genes at specific times

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48
Q

T or F: stingray can use parthenogenesis

A

T

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49
Q

obligate parthenogenesis

A

doubling of chromosomes in diploid state so they can replicate or fuse = creates diploid cell when normally a haploid would be formed

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50
Q

facultative parthenogenesis

A

diploid chromosome is restored by failure of 2nd meiotic division

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51
Q

what occurs if meiosis 2 division does occur in facultative parthenogenesis

A

polar body will fuse back with haploid & produce diploid

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52
Q

what structure allows germ cells to get incorporated into testes

A

from seminiferous tubules

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53
Q

how do testes develop

A

PCGs become incorporated in epithelial sex cords and driven by the presence of the Y chromosome

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54
Q

what is the mesonephros

A

transient form of the embryonic kidney that will not become the adult kidney
- it is used to produce the reproductive system when the adult kidney comes in

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55
Q

where is the anti-mullerian hormone secreted from?

A

sertoli cells

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56
Q

rete testis

A

network connecting cords so sperm can move into urethra

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57
Q

seminiferous cords

A

solid tubules that contain the germ cells - each one contains approx. 4 germ cells

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58
Q

what do interstitial cells produce

A

testosterone

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59
Q

excurrent extrgonadal duct system

A

direct tubular connection from place where sperm are produced to urethra, fluid is there to allow sperm to be flushed towards urethra as needed

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60
Q

what are seminiferous tubules developed from? what does it connect

A

developed from seminiferous cords, connects rete testis & efferent ducts

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61
Q

what indicates puberty

A

age

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62
Q

what animal reaches puberty earliest vs latest

A

earliest-sheep
latest-humans

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63
Q

what temp do testes require for spermatogenesis to occur

A

2-4 C below body temp

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64
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes, cannot modulate temp properly for spermatogenesis

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65
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place

A

seminiferous tubules

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66
Q

T or F: more mature sperm move slowly

A

T

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67
Q

gubernaculum

A

retracts to pull testes into scrotal sacs

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68
Q

how do aquatic animals with fins modulate testes temp?

A

fins have vascular supply that is cooled in flipper region & goes to testes first before rest of body so it doesn’t warm up- no scrotal sac

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69
Q

T or F: elephants do not have testicular descent

A

T

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70
Q

unilateral vs bilateral cryptorchidism

A

unilateral-failure of 1 testes to descend, low fertility, most common

bilateral- failure of both testes to descend, infertile

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71
Q

disadvantage of cryptorchidism

A

testosterone is still produced so can have intact male behaviour but actual spermatogenesis does not occur

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72
Q

2 ways cryptorchidism can be diganosed

A

ultrasound or radiograph

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73
Q

what is the most common disorder of sexual differentiation in humans

A

cryptorchidism

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74
Q

why should undescended testes be removed?

A

b/c they can develop into tumours & still produce testosterone = intact male behaviours

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75
Q

effects of testosterone before & after birth

A

before: masculinizes reproductive tract & descent of testes
after: growth & maturation of reproductive system & spermatogenesis

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76
Q

2 other effects of testosterone

A

develops sex drive & controls gonadotropic hormone secretion

77
Q

secondary sexual characteristics of testosterone

A

deepening of voice, hair growth, muscle growth

78
Q

3 non-reproductive actions of testosterone

A

bone growth at puberty, aggressive behaviour & protein anabolic effects

79
Q

puberty

A

achievement by the gonads of their complete hormonal & gametogenic capacity

80
Q

how is puberty signalled?

A

increase & frequency of secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus

81
Q

what does puberty activate

A

HPG axis- produce androgens to help with adolescent growth

82
Q

what does puberty do to LH & FSH

A

stimulates their increased pulses in pituitary gland

83
Q

T or F: LH & FSH is in males & females

A

T

84
Q

what does LH & FSH activate?

A

steroidgenesis & gametogenesis

85
Q

most of the time, puberty is

A

gradual

86
Q

T or F: in female domestic animals, puberty occurs before physical maturity

A

T

87
Q

LH vs FSH pulsability

A

LH- pulsatile
FSH- not puslatile

88
Q

spermatozoa

A

mature male gametes

89
Q

3 parts of a sperm

A

1) head: acrosome that penetrates the egg
2) midpiece: contain mitochondria for energy to swim
3) tail: motility

90
Q

where are germ cells located

A

periphery of seminiferous tubule

91
Q

as you move toward the lumen, you get

A

more mature sperm

92
Q

why does spermatogenesis duration vary?

A

they are at different stages so they can take over & not have to wait another 64 days

93
Q

mitotic proliferation

A

spermatogonia divide & form primary spermatocytes

94
Q

meiosis in relation to sperm

A

1st division- primary spermatocyte divides into 2 secondary spermatocytes

2nd division- forms four spermatids

95
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids are packaged into spermatozoa

96
Q

3 stages to spermatogenesis

A

1) mitotic proliferation
2) meiosis
3) spermiogenesis

97
Q

T or F: mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia allows continual supply of new diploid germ cells

A

T

98
Q

why is duplication in meiosis 1 required

A

each strand becomes a chromosome itself b/c it was a copy of the original chromosome so we maintain the haploid state

99
Q

cytoplasmic bridging

A

important in males, allows cytoplasm to exchange key proteins between these cells that are attached by cytoplasmic bridges

100
Q

why are sertoli cells important

A

they are tightly bound to each other & they surround the developing sperm until they are released into the lumen

they attach via gap junctions to allow passage from blood plasma

101
Q

what is produced as a source of energy for the sperm

A

lactate

102
Q

5 functions of sertoli cells

A

1) nourish developing sperm with lactate
2) eat cytoplasm
3) destroy defective germ cells
4) secrete tubule fluid
5) produce androgen-binding protein

103
Q

androgen binding protein

A

acts like a sink & binds testosterone so its levels are kept at a higher level around the sperm to drive spermatogenesis

104
Q

how is testicular function regulated?

A

LH- acts on interstitial cells to regulate testosterone secretion
FSH- acts on sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

their secretions are stimulated or inhibited by GnRH

105
Q

aromatase activity has function in

A

mammal brain

106
Q

how sperm that are ready for ejaculation transported?

A

efferent ducts -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

107
Q

T or F: sperm can fertilize as they move through the epididymis

A

T

108
Q

how are sperm pushed through the reproductive tract

A

peristaltic contractions

109
Q

ductus deferens

A

muscular tube that passes out of scrotum & into pelvic cavity
- sperm storage
- muscular contractions push sperm into urethra

110
Q

ampulla

A

enlarged portion of ductus deferens just before entrance to urethra

111
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

thick smooth muscle layers that push sperm towards urethra for sperm ejaculation

112
Q

where is seminal fluid most secreted from

A

male accessory sex glands

113
Q

what male accessory sex glands are not found in dogs

A

bulbourethral gland
seminal vesicles - cats & dogs

114
Q

3 seminal vesicles secretions

A

1) secrete fructose for sperm energy
2) secrete prostagandins - stimulate smooth muscle contractions
3) secrete fibrinogen- form clots

115
Q

what does prostaglandins do

A

stimulate smooth muscle contractions in male & female reproductive tracts

116
Q

prostate gland functions (3)

A

1) secretes alkaline function to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
2) provides clotting enzymes to reduce semen loss
3) releases prostate-specific antigen

117
Q

prostate specific antigen

A

breaks down seminal clot after entering female tract so sperm can move to oocyte

118
Q

bulbourethral gland function

A

secrete mucous for lubrication & to neutralize acidic pH of urethra

119
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

1) root
2) body/shaft- erectile tissue
3) glans-supplied with nerves to respond to erectile tissues

120
Q

T or F: penis extends, not in size or diameter much

A

T

121
Q

fibroelastic penis

A

contains lots of connective tissues

122
Q

musculocavernous penis & what species

A

large cavernous spaces of erectile tissue - horse

123
Q

what penis do snakes have

A

hemipenis

124
Q

what penis type do dogs have

A

osteomusculocavernous- bony

125
Q

when does mating occur

A

at peak of fertility (estrus)

126
Q

perineal region

A

pelvic floor that emits odours smelt by both sexes for mating

127
Q

flehmen reaction

A

raised upper lip & raised head from vomeronasal organ

128
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

found in platate between nasal & organ cavities b/c duct sample the air for phermones & determine if this female is enough for mating

129
Q

3 signals that females are receptive

A

1) squatting
2) moving tail side to side
3) remaining stationary

130
Q

lordosis

A

behaviour of remaining stationary

131
Q

erection

A

straightening & hardening of penis for entry into vagina

132
Q

ejaculation

A

forceful explusion of semen into urethra & out of penis

133
Q

sexual response cycle stages (5)

A

1) excitement phase- heightened sexual awareness
2) plateau phase-increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate & muscle tension
3) orgasmic phase-ejaculation & stimulation of pleasure centers in brain
4) resolution phase- genitalia & body systems return to pre-arousal state

134
Q

body of penis has ( ) columns of spongelike vascular spaces

A

3

135
Q

what 3 things occurs during sexual arousal

A

arterioles dilate & erectile tissue fills with blood = erection & venous outflow is reduced for penetration

136
Q

erection reflex

A

spinal reflex in PNS triggered by mechanoreceotors in glans penis, mediated by nitric oxide
- inhibits SNS b/c ensures arterioles are closed

137
Q

how is erectile dysfunction treated?

A

stimulate nitric oxide production

138
Q

where is erection generating centre found

A

sacral region of spinal cord from S2-S4

139
Q

how do mechanoreceptors work in erection generating centre

A

mechanoreceptors stimulate sacral region & inhibits SNS & promotes PNS pathway to get vasodilation = increased bloodflow to penis

140
Q

PNS vasodilation causes

A

relaxation of penile arteriole smooth muscle by production of nitric oxide

141
Q

what does nitric oxide activate?

A

sGC - takes GTP & converts it to cGMP = allows relaxation of smooth muscle

142
Q

SNS causes

A

vas deferns contraction & delivery of semen into urethra = triggers nerve impulses

143
Q

what stops semen from entering urine & vice versa?

A

sphincter at neck of bladder

144
Q

whatis released from a male orgasm

A

oxytocin release from pituitary gland

145
Q

resolution of male

A

pathway gets sensitized & can only last for a short period of time so as it becomes sensitized the SNS system begins to take control again = slower blood flow into penis = erection decreases = returns to pre-arousal state

146
Q

tactile stimulation of female erectile tissue is

A

clitoris- generates spinal reflex

147
Q

why can females have multiple orgasms

A

pathway is not as easily sensitized

148
Q

ART

A

assisted reproduction technologies

149
Q

energy input for food production from animal sources is decreased by

A

the number of offspring per unit of time the breeding female can produce in the herd

150
Q

why use ART

A

genetic selection & save rare species

151
Q

what is the 1st way of doing ART

A

hormone therapy

152
Q

what is most common ART

A

AI, relies on cryopreservation

153
Q

extenders

A

reagents to extend protection/life of semen

154
Q

what temp of semen is best for AI in cattle

A

frozen semen

155
Q

why must extenders be iso-osmotic

A

avoid water flow in/out of sperm

156
Q

what is a good buffer for extenders

A

hepes, pH of 7-7

157
Q

why do we add casein & egg yolks to sperm in AI?

A

casein- coats the sperm & protects them from dilation shock
yolk-cold shock protection - has lots of lypoprotein

158
Q

what 2 antibiotics are used in AI extenders

A

gentamycin & pencillin

159
Q

cryopreservation

A

semen is placed in straws, cooled to 4 degrees C, frozen & stored in liquid nitrogen

160
Q

where must semen be deposited directly into for AI

A

uterus

161
Q

3 types of AI techniques

A

1) conventional- semen injected into cervix using corkscrew pipette
2) tubular extension- into uterus
3) 2 prong approach-double insemination -uterine horn & cervix

162
Q

sexed semen sorting uses

A

flow cytometry

163
Q

flow cytometry

A

visible sperm & cells to separate X & Y chromosome, stain X chromosome
- creates droplets of sperm & UV laser is used to detect stained chromosomes & then analyzed by computer

164
Q

T or F: X chromosome is larger than Y

A

T

165
Q

sexed semen is used mostly by which industry & why?

A

dairy b/c we want female cows for milking & to avoid slaughter or males = animal welfare issues

166
Q

monotocous vs polytomous species

A

m=gives 1 offspring (cow)
p=multiple offspring (pigs)

167
Q

2 advantages of embryo transfer

A

1) increased production of offspring
2) enhance genetic diversity across the globe by shipping embryos

168
Q

5 steps for embryo transfer

A

1) synchronize cycles of donor & recipient
2) superovulation of donor
3) inseminate into both uterine horns with pipette
4) collect embryos using folly catheter
5) transfer embryos

169
Q

folly catheter

A

flush out embryos & collect them in a tube with filter

170
Q

3 disadvantages of embryo transfer

A

1) less offspring produced
2) superovulation response can be poor
3) recovery of embryos is invasive

171
Q

ultrasound guided ovum pick up

A

more invasive, in vitro fertilization, culture embryos & then put into recipients

172
Q

bison use ( ) for ultrasound guided ovum pick up b/c wild animals are dangerous

A

electroejaculation

173
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer / cloning

A

donor provides cells -> nuclei get removed -> collect oocyte & remove that nuclei & replace with donor nuclei = can be fertilized & used to create new individuals

174
Q

what was first somatic cell nuclear transfer animal

A

dolly the sheep, had abnormalities

175
Q

1 advantage & 1 disadvantage to somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

enables preservation & rederivation of elite animals or endangered species

low efficiency & abnormalities

176
Q

3 functions of male reproductive system

A

1) spermatogenesis
2) delivery of sperm
3) produce androgens

177
Q

vans deferns

A

tubes that bring sperm to penis

178
Q

T or F: birds lack male accessory sex glands

A

T

179
Q

what does the tonic center regulate

A

basal pulse frequency

180
Q

how does testosterone inhibit LH secretion

A

negative feedback

181
Q

where is inhibin secreted from

A

sertoli cells

182
Q

what does inhibin act on

A

anterior pit to inhibit FSH secretion

183
Q

what does an increase in LH cause in feedback loop

A

increase in leydig cells

184
Q

what does an increase in testosterone cause in feedback loop

A

inhibits LH secretion

185
Q

what does an increase in GnRh cause in feedback loop

A

increase in LH & FSH

186
Q

what does an increase in FSH cause in feedback loop

A

spermatogenesis & inhibin increase

187
Q

what does an increase in inhibin cause in feedback loop

A

decrease in FSH

188
Q

HGP axis function

A

produce androgens to help with adolescent growth

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

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