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VBMS 325 > module 2- renal review > Flashcards

module 2- renal review Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function

A

filter toxins out of blood

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2
Q

7 kidney functions

A

1) regulate electrolytes
2) regulate water balance
3) maintain pH
4) excrete metabolic wastes
5) excrete foreign compounds
6) secrete hormones
7) convert vitamin D to active form

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3
Q

location of kidneys

A

retroperitoneal on back

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4
Q

functional unit of a kidney

A

nephron

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5
Q

2 parts of a nephron

A

vascular: blood containing
tubular: urine/filtrate containing

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6
Q

path of blood to kidneys

A

renal artery -> smaller arteries -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus

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7
Q

path of filtrate to kidneys

A

efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> renal vein

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8
Q

cortical vs juxtamedullary nephron

A

c-dips slightly into medulla, located in cortex of loop of henle
j: extends deeply into medullar, bowmans capulse is in cortex

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9
Q

3 steps to urine formation

A

1) filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretions

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10
Q

what is filtered out vs not filtered

A

filtered: plasma, electrolytes, small peptides
not: plasma proteins, red/white blood cells, neg charged compounds

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11
Q

3 forces that drive glomerular filtration

A

1) capillary blood pressure - pushes plasma into bowmans capsule
2) plasma- colloid osmotic pressure- higher concentration inside
3) bowmans capulse hydrostatic pressure - backflow that pushes plasma out

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12
Q

what if GFR & how is it regulated

A

glomerular filtration rate
- autoregulation
- SNS control

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13
Q

autoregulation of GFR

A
  • myogenic stretch: too much pressure = decrease blood flow via constriction
  • tubuloglomerular feedback: drop in BP = vasodilation
  • granular cells send signals to mascula cells to dilate or constrict arteriole
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14
Q

SNS control of regulation of GFR

A

decreases GFR & decreases BP

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15
Q

rates of tubular reabsorption of water, sodium, glucose, urea & waste products

A

water: 99%
sodium: 99.5%
glucose: 100%
urea: 50%
waste: 0%

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16
Q

3 elements secreted in tubular portion

A

sodium, glucose, AA & phosphate

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17
Q

renal clearance definition

A

how much plasma volume is cleared out

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18
Q

renal clearance equation

A

[solute in urine] x urine flow / [solute in plasma]

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19
Q

where does urine concentration occur

A

renal medulla

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20
Q

how does the kidney concentrate urine

A

ADH= allows concentrated urine, binds to V2 receptors & forms aquaporins for water to pass through

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21
Q

how do diuretcs & caffeine work

A

dureitics: block V2 receptors = pee more = less volume in body = BP decreases
caffiene/alcohol: ADH drops b/c they inhibit ADH = urine cannot be concentrated = pee large volumes of dilute urine

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22
Q

anatomical adaptations in aird vs wet environments for urine concentration

A

wet: low urine concentration
dry: high urine concentration

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23
Q

2 factors that cause variation in urine

A

1) longer loops of henle = more concentrated urine
2) species

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24
Q

4 physiological consequences of dysfunctional kidneys

A

1) decreased ability to concentrate urine
2) decreased waste removal
3) hyperkalemia
4) metabolic acidosis

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25
Q

4 urinary conditions

A

1) UTI
2) blockage
3) autoimmune kidney disease
4) bladder rupture

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26
Q

dialysis

A

blood from patient is pumped through system, dialysate fluid goes through gradient, is discarded, and clean blood is pumped back

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27
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

isotonic solution is pumped into abdomen

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28
Q

descending vs ascending loop of henle

A

descending: filtering water into medulla
ascending: filtering salt into medulla

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29
Q

what do ace inhibitors do to BP

A

decrease

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30
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

gain of acid, loss of bicarb

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31
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

loss of H or trap of H in GI tract, gain of bicarb

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32
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation

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33
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

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34
Q

4 chemical buffer systems

A

1) carbonic acid / bicarb
2) protein- AA can accept or donate
3) hemoglobin- maintains & buffers pH
4) phosphate- can bind more H = allows more H to be pumped into urine

35
Q

acid-base equation

A

H2O + CO2 <-> H+ + HCO3-

36
Q

vasa recta

A

supply medulla with O2

37
Q

ADH released vs not released

A

released=permeable tubules = concentrated
not release= impermeable tubules = dilute

38
Q

renal clearance = GFR

A

no reabsorption or secretion

39
Q

renal clearance < GFR

A

absorption, no secretion
urea

40
Q

renal clearance > GFR

A

no absorption, only secretion

41
Q

macula densea cells

A

monitor fluid
- if too little = signal arteries to increase fluid

42
Q

podocytes

A

contractile cells, flatten

43
Q

basement membrane

A

neg charged, small positively charged proteins can enter

44
Q

kidney stone

A

pressure in capsule increases =decrease in filtration rate

45
Q

how much filtrate is produced by kidneys each day

A

180L, urine =1.5-2L

46
Q

dilation = ( ) in GFR

A

decrease

47
Q

extrinsic neural control of GFR when BP is decreased

A

increase SNS activity = vasoconstrict

48
Q

how many layers does a molecule need to go through to reach the blood?

A

5

49
Q

what is the engine for reabsorption

A

sodium

50
Q

Na cotransporter

A

moves NA from lumen to cell and transports glucose to be reabsorbed

51
Q

antiporter

A

proton is transferred from cells to lumen

52
Q

when 1 Na enters, how many H leave

A

1

53
Q

secondary active transport relies on what gradient for energy

A

sodium

54
Q

what % of Na is reabsorbed in proximal tubule

A

65%

55
Q

what 2 hormones effect distal tubule / collecting duct

A

aldosterone & ANP

56
Q

what is released when BP is too low vs too high?

A

low=renin
high=ANP

57
Q

what does renin do for angiotension

A

angiontension -> angiotension I

58
Q

what does ACE do for angiotension

A

angiotension I -> angiotension II

59
Q

what 2 things occurs when angiotension II is detected

A

vasoconstriction & sodium reabsorption

60
Q

SNS effects on angiotension II

A

noradrenaline release

61
Q

by reabsorbing more Na, we excrete more

A

K

62
Q

what do principle cells reabsorb & when

A

Na when cells detect aldosterone

63
Q

what does aldosterone act on

A

distal tubule

64
Q

ANP net effect

A

decrease blood pressure

65
Q

renal threshold

A

max concentration of solute in plasma that can be completely reabsorbed

66
Q

what is secreted during acidosis

A

when Na is brought in, H is taken out instead of K = hyperkalemia

67
Q

baroreceptors release ( ) when there is a drop in BP

A

ADH

68
Q

how to fix drop in BP

A

put more fluid in circulatory system

69
Q

T or F: marine animals metabolize blubber to obtain water

A

T

70
Q

T or F: urea uses aquaporins

A

T

71
Q

urobilin

A

bilirubin metabolite

72
Q

RBCs in urine would come from before or after kidneys?

A

after

73
Q

uric acid stone

A

lots of meat/protein

74
Q

struivite crystals

A

magnesium amnion phosphate

75
Q

gout

A

uric acid crystals formed in gout

76
Q

arterial vs venous side of blood pH levels

A

arterial-7.45
venous-7.35

77
Q

3 places H can be secreted from

A

proximal tubule, distal tubule & collecting duct

78
Q

human panic attack

A

hyperventilation-respiratory alkalosis- drop in CO2, increase in pH, no change in bicarb

79
Q

dairy cow has low pH & decrease in bicarb

A

metabolic acidosis

80
Q

high pH

A

metabolic alkalosis

81
Q

myogenic stretch

A

too much pressure = decrease blood flow via constriction

82
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

vasodilation

83
Q

granular cells function

A

send signals to mascula cells to dilate or constrict arterioles

84
Q

noradrenaline effect

A

increase CO & BP

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

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