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VBMS 325 > module 4-female reproduction > Flashcards

module 4-female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: individuals do not need to reproduce to survive, but species do

A

T

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2
Q

how do prokaryotes & eukayrotes reproduce?

A

P- cloning, produces identical cells
E-sexually or asexually, produces new genetically distinct cells

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3
Q

budding/fission

A

animal produces a bud - is a copy of themselves that grows into a 2nd adult
- sea anemone

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4
Q

parthenogenesis

A

unfertilized egg develops into an embryo
- female worker bees

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5
Q

1 advantage & disadvantage of parthenogenesis

A

A- isolated female can still produce offspring
D- sub-optimal offspring

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6
Q

sexual reproduction

A

union of male & female gametes, 2 haploid sets form 1 diploid set

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7
Q

meosis

A

dividing in half & 2 halves come together to form diploid

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8
Q

germ cells

A

ovum and sperm

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9
Q

T or F: it is random which chromosome comes from which parent

A

T

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10
Q

why is sexual reproduction better than cloning?

A

it passes on improved traits & increases genetic diversity, while cloning passes on harmful mutations & no genetic diversity

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11
Q

r-selected reproduction

A

selected for rate of population growth, produce large number of offspring with no parental care
- salmon

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12
Q

k-selected reproduction

A

carrying capacity, produce small number of offspring with parental care
- gorilla

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13
Q

intermediate reproduction

A

between R & K reproduction, large number of offspring but with parental care
- garbaldi fish

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14
Q

ovo, vivi, parous

A

ovo=egg
vivi=live
parous=produce

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15
Q

oviparious

A

offspring develops in eggs externally
- spawning in fish

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16
Q

ovovivparous

A

produce eggs that develop in / partially in body of mother, get nutrients from yolk, internal fertilization & shell is put on externally - birds

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17
Q

viviparous

A

production of offspring occurs inside mothers body & uses maternal resources for nutrients
- placenta
- mammals

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18
Q

T or F: in oviparous species, the eggs are without a shell

A

T

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19
Q

why do oviparous species not have shells?

A

b/c sperm need to be able to penetrate its membrane to fertilize the egg

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20
Q

albumen

A

egg white

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21
Q

marsupials

A

offspring are born very immaturely & fetus climbs into mothers pouch to continue development
- obtains nutrients from uterus until delivered

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22
Q

altricial vs precocial

A

A-born bery immature, dependent on parental care, born without fur/feathers, eyes closed (robins/rats)
- shorter gestation

P- born well developed, are not dependent on parental care
- chickens & guinea pigs
- longer gestation

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23
Q

what are monotremes? list the 2 types

A

egg laying mammals- eggs have porous shell for nourishment can enter shell
- not dependent on yolk

echidna & platypus

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24
Q

continuous polyestrous

A

cycles occur throughout the year
- cattle & humans

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25
Q

seasonally polyestrous

A

cycles in a specific time of year so offspring are born during a specific season
- has multiple cycles in a season

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26
Q

seasonally monoestrous

A

1 cycle per season
- dog

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27
Q

estrous

A

receptivity to mating

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28
Q

seasonal breeding is controlled by?

A

circannaul biological clock

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29
Q

seasonal breeding stimulation pathway

A

retina sense light, neurons relay info, pineal gland produces melatonin (during dark) & kisspeptin, ant pit releases GnRH & stimulates ovulation & estruys

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30
Q

2 hormones that are important for seasonal breeding

A

kisspeptin & melatonin

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31
Q

kisspeptin

A

determines time of puberty

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32
Q

what determines fall or spring breeding?

A

receptiveness to increasing or decreasing levels of melatonin

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33
Q

short vs long day breeders

A

short: breed during fall & give birth in spring, shorter gestation, cows

long: breed in spring to enter estrous next spring, longer gestation- birds

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34
Q

T or F: pigs and cows are not seasonal breeders

A

T

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35
Q

why would an animal closer to the equator be polyestrus & not seasonal?

A

b/c they do not face a change in day length so they remain polyestrous

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36
Q

great tit bird seasonal breeding is stimulated by?

A

the temperature for caterpillar development

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37
Q

how is seasonal breeding stimulated in animals in tropical/deserts

A

within 24 hours of rainfall b/c with rain = plants = food for young

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38
Q

what mating strategies can be sued for reproduction

A

pheromones produced by female, firefly lights, and courtship displays

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39
Q

induced vs spontaneous ovulation

A

induced- require mating to stimulate ovulation
- uses mechanoreceptors to detect barbs on penis
- chemoreceptors in vagina detect semen components
- cat

spontaneous- does not require mating to stimulate ovulation
- humans

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40
Q

2 gonads

A

testes & ovaries

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41
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of gametes

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42
Q

gametes

A

ova & spermatozoa

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43
Q

what 3 hormones do the gonads secrete?

A

testosterone, estrogen & progesterone

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44
Q

reproductive tract

A

system of ducts & accessory sex organs that facilitate the rest of reproduction

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45
Q

oogenesis

A

production of ova

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46
Q

6 female reproductive functions

A

1) oogenesis
2) sperm reception
3) fertilization
4) nourishment of fetus
5) parturition/lay eggs
6) lactation

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47
Q

oviposition

A

laying eggs

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48
Q

where are ovaries located

A

pelvic & abdominal cavity

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49
Q

T or F: oviduct is not directly attached to ovary

A

T

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50
Q

3 oviduct functions

A

1) captures ova
2) site of internal fertilization
3) site for deposition of albumin

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51
Q

2 uterus functions

A

protects fetus & calcification of eggs

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52
Q

cervix

A

caudal portion that is a passageway for sperm deposition & delivery of fetus

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53
Q

vagina

A

site of copulation & reception of sperm

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54
Q

vulva

A

external, can indicate estrous if swollen

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55
Q

ovaries function & what 2 hormones do they secrete

A

follicle maturation & ovulation
secretes estrogens & progesterones

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56
Q

fimbriae

A

finger like projections in oviduct that catch the ova

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57
Q

uterine horn difference in cattle vs litter species

A

cattle- calf is developed in 1 horn only
litter- develops in both horns (dogs, cats)

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58
Q

ovarian (follicular) phase

A

egg is maturing & developing and getting ready to be ovulated, estrogen is dominant hormone

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59
Q

uterine (luteal)phase

A

occurs after egg is released, progesterone is dominant hormone

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60
Q

estrous vs menstrual cycle

A

e- uterine lining is reabsorbed if no pregnancy (no period)

m-uterine lining is sloughed off (period)

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61
Q

2 stages of oogenesis

A

prenatal & puberty

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62
Q

where do primordial germ cells develop?

A

fetal ovary

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63
Q

T or F: mitotic proliferation only occurs before birth

A

T

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64
Q

primary oocytes

A

arrested in 1st phase of meiosis in fetal ovary- stop release until puberty

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65
Q

primary oocytes are surrounded by a layer of

A

granulosa cells

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66
Q

sperm vs ovum- how many cells

A

ovum- 1 mature ovum
sperm- 4 sperm cells

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67
Q

atresia

A

cell death

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68
Q

polar body

A

reminants of other cells that were divided but did not continue to become the ovum
- nucleus with small amount of cytoplasm

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69
Q

T or F: 3 polar bodies can be in 1 mature ovum

A

T

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70
Q

when do the 1st and 2nd mitotic divisions occur?

A

1-right before ovulation
2-after fertilization

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71
Q

what does the proliferation of granulosa cells & differentiation of thecal cells cause?

A

more estrogen production

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72
Q

oocyte formation

A

oogonium -> 1st mitotic division -> primary oocytes -> enlarged primary oocyte-> second oocyte -> 2nd mitotic division -> ovum & polar bodies -> egg cell (haploid)

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73
Q

why does the primary oocyte become enlarged?

A

b/c it needs large cytoplasm to support 1st cell divisions

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74
Q

capacitation

A

process of maturation of sperm within the tract

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75
Q

what do you have to do for in vitro reproduction capacitation

A

artificially induce it

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76
Q

zona pellucida

A

thick gelatinous membrane that protects oocytes

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77
Q

perivitelline

A

sperm protein that interacts with ZP3 receptor & undergoes acrosomal reaction

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78
Q

what is triggered when the 1st sperm cell to comes into contact and merges its cell membrane with the ova cell membrane?

A

egg cell releases calcium which depolarizes the cell membrane & prevents any further sperm from merging

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79
Q

acrosome reaction

A

releases hydrolytic enzymes

80
Q

cortical granules

A

in cytoplasm of oocyte along membrane, calcium release triggers these into the zona pellucida and inactivtes ZP3 receptors

81
Q

1st cell to be fertilized is called

A

zygote

82
Q

fertilization

A

sperm cell releases its nucleus into egg cell

83
Q

morula

A

ball of cells that continues to develop & form moves into uterus, and then forms a blastocyst

84
Q

what does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become?

A

offspring

85
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of cells that become fetal side of placenta

86
Q

blastocele

A

fluid filled pocket

87
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes

A

1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) allantois
4) trophoectoderm

88
Q

what membrane is the yolk sac found in

A

endoderm

89
Q

amnion function

A

extension of fetal gut, acts as waste storage

90
Q

allantois vs amnionic fluid

A

allantois- yellow b/c of urinary & digestive wastes
amnionic fluid- clear

91
Q

T or F: corpus luteum will regress unless dam recognizes pregnancy

A

T

92
Q

IFN-T

A

secreted by ruminants, blocks oxytocin receptors in endometrium = blocks production of PGF-2a = allows pregnancy to continue

93
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gondaotropin - pregnancy detection hormone

94
Q

what do sows produce when they recognize pregnancy

A

estradiol

95
Q

if PFG-2a is rejected, what does that mean?

A

there is no regression of corpus luteum = pregnant

96
Q

3 ways to diagnose pregnancy

A

1) transrectal palpation
2) transrectal ultrasound
3) blood/milk

97
Q

when is transrectal palpation detectable by?

A

5-6 weeks after breeding

98
Q

when can transrectal ultrasound be used to determine pregnancy vs fetal sex?

A

pregnancy-28 days
fetal sex- 55-70 days

99
Q

what does blood/milk pregnancy tests show?

A

progesterone - 21-24 days, cab be false neg

PAG- 9- days postpartum & 30 days post breeding

100
Q

PAG

A

pregnancy associated glycoprotein- a protein produced during pregnancy

101
Q

why can a PAG test not be used sooner than 90 days?

A

b/c it can cause a false neg if too close to when last calved

102
Q

human vs ruminant blastocyst attachment vs implantation

A

human: implants in endometrium
ruminants: rapid growth of trophoectoderm (14cm at day 16)

103
Q

why does rapid growth of the trophoectoderm occur?

A

b/c we want lots of surface area in contact with maternal endometrium in order to start developing placenta

104
Q

placentomes

A

buttons formed by ruminants where blood exchange across placenta occurs

105
Q

humans vs ruminant placenta

A

humans: discoid, no 1 location for gas exchange

ruminants: cotyledonary, buttons are specific locations of exchange

106
Q

what 5 hormones does the placenta secrete

A

1) progesterone
2) estrogens
3) chorionic gonadotropin
4) relaxin
5) placental lactogen

107
Q

what 3 things does progesterone do when secreted by placenta

A

1) prevents endometrium from contracting
2)prevents cycling
3) forms mucous plug to stop entry of organisms

108
Q

relaxin function

A

causes connective tissue to relax so birth canal can open during birth

109
Q

2 lactogen functions

A

1) facilitates development of mammary gland
2)produces colostrum & milk

110
Q

caruncle vs cotyledonary

A

caruncle- maternal side
cotyledonary- fetal side

111
Q

zonary

A

band - cats/dogs

112
Q

what species have a diffuse placenta

A

pigs & horses

113
Q

what 2 things are the placentome made of?

A

cotyledon & caruncle

114
Q

freemartin & indication

A

heifer born twin to a bull calf caused by fusion of chorionic vili = shared blood flow
shallow vagina

115
Q

why is female freemartin infertile

A

female is exposed to anti-mullerian hormone & testosterone = masculinization

116
Q

how are types of placentas classified on?

A

the number of layers of tissues between fetal & maternal blood supply and what it is connected to

117
Q

3 types of placenta

A

1) epitheliochorial - 6 layers (ruminants, horses, pigs)
2) endotheliochorial- 5 layers (dogs/cats)
3) hemochorial- 3 layers (humans)

118
Q

what is the chorion attached to in epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial & hemchorial placentas

A

epithelial- epithelium of maternal endometrium
endo-attached to endothelium
hemochorial-maternal blood supply is in direct contact with fetal membrane

119
Q

T or F: there is always 3 layers on the fetus side for all types of placenta

A

T

120
Q

T or F: there is no transfer of antibodies in epitheliochorial placenta

A

T

121
Q

3 phases of parturition

A

1) dilation of cervix
2) rhytmtic contractions of myometrium (labour)
3) expulsion of placenta

122
Q

what 2 things allows cervical softening & increased elasticity

A

1) release of relaxin by CL & placenta
2) PGF-2a: stimulated by high estrogen during end of gestation = local enzyme production = breakdown collagen

123
Q

what 2 things occur in the uterus to prep for parturition? what stimulates both of them?

A

1) creation of gap junctions - allows uterus to contract as a unit
2) synthesis of oxytocin receptors in myometrium- once threshold is reached = parturition

stimulated by estrogen

124
Q

T or F: the fetus determines when labour occurs

A

T

125
Q

what sets the timing of parturition

A

the placental clock

126
Q

what does cortisol do to fetal lungs?

A

produces surfactant for alveolar inflation = triggers immune inflammation in uterus= increased oxytocin receptors & increased prostaglandins

127
Q

what does an increase in oxytocin receptors do

A

helps the uterus respond to oxytocin = softens cervix

128
Q

what does an increase in estrogen do during parturition

A

produces gap junctions & oxytocin receptors = uterus can contract in coordination & respond to oxytocin = softens cervix

129
Q

what is oxytocin responsible for

A

milk ejection & uterine contractions

130
Q

what causes feet of fetus to press against cervix to stimulate oxytocin release with positive feedback loop

A

oxytocin

131
Q

why do contractions become more frequent & stronger as labour progresses?

A

bc of the positive feedback loop

132
Q

pitocin

A

used to induce labor, contractions, help restart labor if it stalls or milk out an animal

133
Q

animals vs human fetus position

A

animals- feet first
humans- head first

134
Q

why is it important that the placenta is all delivered & none stays in placenta?

A

b/c it can cause infection of uterus (metritis)

135
Q

placentophagy

A

mother licks newborn to stimulate it to get it to free the placenta and eat it

136
Q

antrum

A

fluid filled pocket around follicular cells

137
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates development of follicles

138
Q

where is FSH secreted

A

anterior pitutitary

139
Q

thecal cells

A

differentiate from ovarian connective tissue

140
Q

follicular cells

A

granulosa & thecal cells

141
Q

antral follicle

A

secondary follicle

142
Q

what do follicular cells produce

A

estrogen

143
Q

the number of antral follicles is proportional to

A

the pool of primary cells & oocytes that remain

144
Q

estrone is dominant in what species

A

pigs

145
Q

dominant follicle

A

1 secondary follicle is selected & ovulated - one with most FSH receptors

146
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

breakdown surface on the ovary surface

147
Q

corona radiata

A

bulge on surface of follicle

148
Q

cumulus oophorus

A

cumulus cell complex

149
Q

ovulation

A

follicle bursts & secondary oocyte is swept into the infundibulum to be fertilized

150
Q

cumulus oocyte complex

A

= oocyte + corona radiata + additional granulosa cells

151
Q

follicular wave

A

multiple waves of follicular development that occur each cycle - ovulation only occurs when triggered by LH surge

152
Q

what do high levels of progesterone in the follicular wave cause

A

can prohibit LH surge = no ovulation = follciles die off

153
Q

when does LH surge occur in the follicular wave

A

luteolysis

154
Q

what does CL start as?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

155
Q

luteal cells

A

produce progesterone- are yellow b/c have lipid droplets for synthesis of steroid hormones & contain beta-carotene

156
Q

what do granulosa and thecal cells become during luteal phase?

A

luteal cells

157
Q

corpus luteum

A

responsible for producing progesterone to support pregnancy

158
Q

corpus albicans

A

connective & scar tissue left over after CL is regressed

159
Q

proestrus & estrus is apart of the ( ) phase

A

follicular

160
Q

proestrus

A

development of follicles

161
Q

metestrus & diestrus are apart of what phase

A

luteal

162
Q

metestrus

A

development of CL after ovulation

163
Q

diestrus

A

CL secretes steroid hormones until it regresses

164
Q

what 2 things can an LH surge do?

A

1) trigger ovulation
2) stops estrogen synthesis

165
Q

tonic

A

low level secretion

166
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

inhibit GnRH = inhibits LH secretion

167
Q

what increases as CL develops

A

progesterone

168
Q

p4

A

progesterone

169
Q

luteolysis causes a drop in

A

progesterone

170
Q

3 estrogen function

A

1) stimulates growth & maintenance of reproductive tract
2) stimulates growth of endometrium
3) develops secondary sex characteristics - mammary glands

171
Q

why does estrogen make thin mucous

A

so sperm can swim through

172
Q

why does progesterone form thick endometrial lining

A

so blood vessels are there for embryo to grow

173
Q

T or F: horses need uterine contractions to move embryo around to attach

A

T

174
Q

estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity, 12 hours of max fertility

175
Q

estrus detection in cattle

A

heat patch or tail paint- when paint rubs off she was mounted & in heat

176
Q

electronic patch

A

electronic pressure sensor that records mounting

177
Q

pedometer

A

fit bit for cows for estrus, tracks how much they are walking / moving

178
Q

what 3 hormones are given to synchronize estrus?

A

1) GnRH = triggers LH surge
2) progesterone = sharp drop causes heat
3) PGF-2a = triggers luteolysis

179
Q

luteolysis

A

destroys corpus luteum & puts back into follicular phase

180
Q

CIDR

A

controlled internal drug release

181
Q

PRID

A

progesterone releasing intravaginal device

182
Q

order of what hormones to give for estrus synchronization

A

1) GnRH
2) progesterone
3) PGF-2a
4) GnRH

183
Q

where is sperm deposited into

A

vagina

184
Q

6 fertilization steps

A

1) sperm penetrates cumulus cells
2) sperm head binds to zona pellucida- previtelline interacts with ZP3 receptors
3) acrosomal reaction - break down zona pellucida with digestive enzymes
4) sperm penetrates zona pellucida
5) uses with plasma membrane of ovum
6) blocks binding of other sperm with calcium deposition

185
Q

3 parturition steps

A

1) cervical softening
- relaxin is released = makes cervix wider & thinner
- PGF-2a is released = breaks down collagen
2) rhythmic contractions
- gap junctions are created to allow uterus to contract as 1 unit
- synthesis of oxytocin receptors
3) placenta explusion
-CRH is released = increase ATCH, cortisol & DHEA
- progesterone is converted to estrogen

186
Q

what do cortisol & DHEA do during placenta explusion

A

cortisol-lung maturation
DHEA- estrogen production

187
Q

what does estrogen do during labour

A

causes the formation of gap junctions & oxytocin receptors = cervical softening

188
Q

what does CRH & ACTH act on during labour

A

CRH- fetal anterior pituitary
ATCH-fetal adrenal cortex

189
Q

what does cortisol trigger during labour

A

fetal lung maturation = increase in surfactant = macrophages in uterus = increase in NF-kB = prostaglandin production

190
Q

what occurs during the luteal phase

A

corpus luteum develops, increase in progesterone & decrease in GnRH & LH

191
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase

A

luteolysis = decrease in progesterone and increase in estrogen, inhibin, LH & FSH

192
Q

4 estrous cycle phases

A

1) proestrus
2) estrus
3) metestrus
4) diestrus

193
Q

what occurs during proestrus

A

development of follicles, decrease in progesterone & increase in estrogen

194
Q

what occurs during estrus

A

receptivity, decrease in progesterone = increase in estrogen

195
Q

what occurs during metestrus

A

development of corpus luteum, decrease estrogen & increase progesterone

196
Q

what occurs during diestrus

A

CL secretes progesterone & decreases estrogen until it regresses

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

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