endocrine review

Question 1

steroids, peptides & amines precursors

Answer 1

S: cholesterol
P: preprohomormone
A: tyrosine

Question 2

4 ways hormone levels are regulated

Answer 2

1) rate of secretion
2) H transport
3)metabolism/excretion
4) hormone receptors

Question 3

pineal gland

Answer 3

controls circadian rhythm & secretes melatonin

Question 4

what 2 hormones are produced by post pit

Answer 4

ADH & oxytocin

Question 5

ADH is released when

Answer 5

increase in plasma osmolarity

Question 6

oxytocin is released when

Answer 6

sucking or cervix nerves detect stretch

Question 7

what 6 hormones are produced by anterior pit

Answer 7

GH, TSH, ATCH, FHS, LH, prolactin

Question 8

portal system

Answer 8

2 capillary beds back to back without going through heart

Question 9

3 factor affecting GH

Answer 9

diet, stress, normal levels of other hormones

Question 10

metabolic effects of GH

Answer 10

metabolize fat stores & keep glucose for brain

Question 11

IFG 1 vs 2

Answer 11

1- soft tissue & bone, most important, GH dependent, stimulated by GH
2- muscle growth, GH independent, continuous production

Question 12

hyperplasia vs hypertrophy

Answer 12

hyperplasia- number of cells
hypertrophy: increase in size

Question 13

3 steps to elongation of long bones

Answer 13

1) diaphysis- shaft
2) epiphysis- knob
3) epiphyseal plate- layer of cartilage

Question 14

growth hormone deficiency

Answer 14

newborn: dwarfism
adult: soft tissue overgrowth
treatment: GH injection

Question 15

growth hormone hyperproduction

Answer 15

children: gigantism
adults: acromegaly- soft tissue overgrowth

Question 16

hypo vs hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

hypo- lack of TH = increase in TSH

hyper- excess TH= excess TSH

Question 17

mineralcorticoids

Answer 17

electrolyte balance

Question 18

glucocorticoids

Answer 18

glucose, lipid & protein metabolism

Question 19

glucocorticoids ( ) blood glucose

Answer 19

increase

Question 20

too much vs too little cortisol

Answer 20

much- cushings
little- addisons

Question 21

anabolism uses ( ) pathway and catabolism uses ( ) and ( )

Answer 21

glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 22

effect of insulin

Answer 22

decrease blood glucose by facilitating uptake of glucose in muscle & adipose cells through GLUT-4 and storage

Question 23

effect of glucagon

Answer 23

increase blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis by increasing glycogenolysis & inhibiting glycogenesis

Question 24

why does AA intake trigger release of insulin and glucagon

Answer 24

triggers release of glucagon= cancels insulin effect on glucose

Question 25

type 1 vs 2 diabetes

Answer 25

1- insulin dependent, insulin is not produced

2- insulin independent, cells stop responding to insulin

Question 26

2 consequences of failed glucose control

Answer 26

blindness & leg pain

Question 27

short vs long term Ca

Answer 27

short- blood clotting cascade, decrease in AP
long: structural support in bones & teeth and egg and milk production

Question 28

PTH vs calcitonin

Answer 28

PTH: responds to decreased plasma Ca = increases PTH

calcitonin: responds to increased plasma Ca = increases calcitonin

Question 29

osteoblasts vs osteoclasts

Answer 29

b- build bone, stroma cells, secrete organic matrix

c- destroys bone, macrophages, release hydrochloric acid to breakdown organic matrix

Question 30

why should you feed cows a low Ca diet prior to calving

Answer 30

to trigger calcitonin pathway to avoid, hypocalemia