module 4 final review

Question 1

genes that are involved in sex determination

Answer 1

1) FOXI2: drives development of ovaries
2) SOX9: produces anti-mullerian hormone
3) STAT-3: roles in temp/stress to determine sex determination

Question 2

testosterone effects before & after birth

Answer 2

before: descent of testes & masculinizes reproductive tract
after: growth & maturation of reproductive system, and spermatogenesis

Question 3

3 steps to spermatogenesis

Answer 3

1) mitotic proliferation
2) meiosis
2) spermiogenesis

Question 4

sertoli cell function (5)

Answer 4

1) nourish sperm with lactate
2) eat cytoplasm
3) destroy defective germ cells
4) secrete tubule fluid
5) produce androgen binding protein

Question 5

androgen binding protein

Answer 5

binds testosterone so levels are high around sperm to drive spermatogenesis

Question 6

ejaculation pathway

Answer 6

efferent ducts -> epididymis -> ductus deferns -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

Question 7

seminal vesicle secretions

Answer 7

1) fructose- sperm energy
2) prostaglandins= smooth muscle contraction
3) fibrinogen = forms clots

Question 8

prostate gland function

Answer 8

1) secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
2) clotting enzyme = reduce semen loss
3) prostate-specific antigen release

Question 9

prostate specific antigen

Answer 9

breaks down seminal clot to sperm can move to oocyte

Question 10

sexual arousal

Answer 10

1) arterioles dilate
2) erectile tissue fills with blood
3) erection = venous outflow decreases for penetration

Question 11

erection reflex

Answer 11

spinal reflex in PNS is triggered by mechanoreceptors in glans pens
- mediated by nitric oxide
- inhibits SNS so ensure arterioles are closed

Question 12

what do mechanoreceptors do in erection

Answer 12

1) stimulate sacral region & inhibits SNS
2) promotes PNS = vasodilation
3) increased blood flow to penis

Question 13

male resolution

Answer 13

1) pathway gets sensitized - only lasts for short period
2) SNS begins to take control again
3) slower blood flow into penis = decrease erection
4) returns to pre-arousal state

Question 14

3 types of AI techniques

Answer 14

1) conventional- semen injected into cervix with corkscrew pipette
2) tubular extension-semen into uterus
3) 2 prong approach- double insemination into uterine horn & cervix

Question 15

increase in testosterone causes

Answer 15

decrease in LH secretion

Question 16

increase in GnRH causes

Answer 16

increase in LH

Question 17

increase in LH causes

Answer 17

increase in leydig cells = increase in testosterone

Question 18

increase in FSH causes

Answer 18

spermatogenesis & inhibin

Question 19

increase of inhibin

Answer 19

decrease FSH

Question 20

fertilization steps

Answer 20

1) sperm penetrates cumulus cells
2) sperm head binds to zona pellucida- previtelline interacts with ZPS receptors
3) acrosomal reaction-breakdown ZP with digestive enzymes
4) sperm penetrates ZP
5) sperm fuses with ovum membrane
6) calcium deposition blocks binding of other sperm

Question 21

6 female reproduction functions

Answer 21

1) oogenesis
2) sperm reception
3) fertilization
4) nourishment of fetus
5) parturition
6) lactation

Question 22

seasonal breeding pathway

Answer 22

1) retina sense light
2) neurons relay light info to hypothalamus
3) pineal gland produces melatonin & kisspeptin
4) anterior pituitary releases GnRH= ovulation & estrus

Question 23

oviparous

Answer 23

offspring develops in egg externally

Question 24

ovoiviparous

Answer 24

internal fertilization, egg shell is put on externally

Question 25

viviparous

Answer 25

offspring develops in mother
- uses placenta

Question 26

3 oviduct functions

Answer 26

1) captures ova
2) internal fertilization site
3) deposition of albumen

Question 27

2 uterus functions

Answer 27

1) protect fetus
2) calcification of eggs

Question 28

ovarian/follicular phase

Answer 28

oocyte is developing & getting ready to be ovulated, estrogen is dominant

Question 29

uterine/luteal phase

Answer 29

after egg is released, progesterone is dominant

Question 30

5 placenta secretions

Answer 30

1) progesterone
2) estrogen
3) relaxin
4) chorionic gonadotropin
5) placental lactogen

Question 31

follicular wave

Answer 31

multiple waves of follicular development that occur each cycle
- ovulation only occurs with LH surge

Question 32

what causes a LH surge

Answer 32

increase in progesterone

Question 33

2 things LH surge does

Answer 33

triggers ovulation & stops estrogen synthesis

Question 34

3 things progesterone does in placenta

Answer 34

1) prevents endometrium from contracting
2) prevents cycling
3) forms mucous plug

Question 35

3 parturition steps

Answer 35

1) cervical softening
- relaxin & PGF-2a release
2) rhythmic contractions
- gap junctions & oxytocin receptors formed
3) placenta explusion
- CRH release = increase ATCH, cortisol & DHEA
-progesterone -> estrogen

Question 36

estrous cycle phases

Answer 36

1) proestrus-developement of follicles
- decrease progesterone & increase estrogen
2) estrus: period of sexual receptivity
- decrease progesterone & increase estrogen
3) metestrus- development of corpus luteum
- increase progesterone & decrease estrogen
4) diestrus
- increase progesterone & decrease estrogen until corpus luteum decreases

Question 37

labour feedback loop

Answer 37

placenta, CRH, fetal ant pit, ACTH, fetal adrenal cortex, cortisol or DHEA

Question 38

female: pre-puberty vs puberty

Answer 38

pre- no effect of surge center
puberty-no effect of tonic center

Question 39

male: pre-puberty vs puberty

Answer 39

pre-oestradiol/testosterone inhibition
puberty-no inhibition of testosterone/oestradiol

Question 40

what cells do LH & FSH act on

Answer 40

LH- leydig cells = increase testosterone
FSH= sertoli cells = spermatogenesis & inhibin