RESPIRATORY - infectious lung disorders: pneumonia & TB Flashcards

EXAM 2 content

1
Q

what disorders are under infectious lung disorders?

A

pneumonia & tuberculosis

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2
Q

what is pneumonia? what is it caused by?

A

infection of the LR tract, cause by any type of pathogen + aspiration

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3
Q

what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

A

pathogen is aspirated, inhaled, introduced (through ETT), or systemic infection & gets into lungs –> innate & adaptive immune responses take place
–> damage when:
- pathogen tries to escape adaptive immune responses OR
- destruction of cells leads harmful substances to release into lungs
–> direct inflammation of alveoli & accumulation of infectious debris + exudate
–> fills alveoli with fluid
–> fluid reduces ventilation –> v/q mismatch
–> hypoxia & hypercapnia
–> inflammation systemic is not treated

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4
Q

what are the risk factors of pneumonia?

A
  • immunocompromised: HIV population (more susceptible to parasites, fungi & protozoa)
  • chronic lung disease: COPD
  • trauma
  • smoking
  • endotracheal intubation
  • community acquired
  • healthcare acquired
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5
Q

what are pneumonia’s manifestations?

A
  • neuro: altered LOC, dizzy, & anxiety
  • CV: tachycardia, hypotension, & chest pain! (but not always)
  • resp: tachypnea, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds! productive cough! crackles!
  • GI: n/v
  • GU: oliguria
  • integ/musc: cyanosis & delayed capillary refill
  • other: fever & chills!
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6
Q

what labs & diagnostics would we use for pneumonia?

A
  • CBC: elevated WBC
  • CRP: useful for immunocompromised
  • sputum culture: identify pathogen
  • blood culture
  • chest x-ray: WHITE OUT
  • bronchoscopy
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7
Q

what is the treatment for pneumonia?

A
  • oxygen w/mech vent
  • hydration: thins out mucus
  • antimicrobial agents (antivirals only have 48 hr effectiveness)
  • supportive treatments depends on severity
  • SUPPORT BP & RESPIRATION
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8
Q

what are pneumonia’s complications?

A
  • hypercapnia!
  • hypoxemia! –> respiratory acidosis –> acute resp failure –> cardiac arrest –> death
  • sepsis
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9
Q

what is tuberculosis? why is it so strong?

A

highly transmissible disease by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS –> lung disease
- have exacerbations & remissions
- some will go dormant and never reactivate
- can survive attacks from macrophages

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10
Q

what is the pathophysiology of TB?

A

droplets enters lung & pathogen to stick to lung tissue
–> macrophages from innate immune sys phagocytize pathogen
- BUT pathogen can survive by stopping lysosome & PROLIFERATE in macrophages
–> lung inflammation
–> immune system keeps pathogen in tubercles
–> when isolated pathogen can inactive forever or REACTIVATE it tubercle ruptures –> causes necrosis of lung tissues or move to other parts of the body

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11
Q

what are TB’s risk factors?

A
  • crowded living environment
  • immunosuppression: HIV, cancer, immunosuppressive drugs
  • substance abuse
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12
Q

what are TB’s manifestations?

A
  • neuro: altered LOC, dizzy, anxiety, fatigue!
  • CV: tachycardia, chest pain!
  • resp: tachypnea, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds! productive cough! crackles! hemoptysis!
  • GI: n/vm anorexia!
  • GU: oliguria
  • integ/musc: cyanosis, delayed capillary refill, weight loss!
  • other: fever! chills! night sweats (bc of the way the body fights bacteria)!
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13
Q

what are the labs & diagnostics we use for TB?

A
  • immunoassay testing
  • sputum culture
  • sputum staining
  • chest x-ray: to see how much its proliferated
  • PPD
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14
Q

what would we use to treat TB?

A
  • treating co-infections: HIV & AIDS to keep body up to fight back

antibiotic combination therapy
- long term treatment up to 18 months
- very hard on body
- can be hepatotoxic (cant drink water) & cause neurological disruptions (paresthesia & neuropathy

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15
Q

what are the complications of TB?

A
  • spread via lymphatics & blood to other parts of body –>
  • joint damage
  • meningitis
  • renal impairment
  • liver impairment
  • cardiac tamponade
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