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Anatomy > lower limb skeleton > Flashcards

lower limb skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The pelvic (hip) girdle is composed ____ bones:

A

4 bones:
2 hip bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

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2
Q

Hip Bone Components:

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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3
Q

Functions of the Pelvic Girdle:

A

Protects organs in the lower abdomen and pelvis.
Supports the spine (vertebral column).
Connects the bones of the legs to the central skeleton (axial skeleton), helping us stand and move.

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4
Q

what is the sciatic nerve?

A

supplies sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb

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5
Q

where does the sciatic nerve exit?

A

exits the pelvic cavity VIA the greater sciatic notch.

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the gluteal lines?

A

These lines separate the attachment sites of the three large superficial gluteal muscles on the ilium.

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7
Q

what dies the auricular surface of the ilia articulate with and which joint does it form?

A

The auricular surfaces of the ilia articulate with the auricular surfaces of the sacrum, which forms the sacroiliac joints.

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8
Q

what forms the hip joint?

A

Auricular surface of the sacrum fits into the auricular surface of the ilium to form the hip joint

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9
Q

identify the lateral features of the ilium:

A

iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine

Remember:
“Iggy Paints Great Art

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10
Q

list the 3 gluteal lines on the iliium:

A

anterior gluteal line
posterior gluteal line
inferior gluteal line

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11
Q

list the medial part of the illium:

A

iliac fossa
arcuate line
auricular surface

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12
Q

what are the two sections of the ischium?

A

body and ramus

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13
Q

what are the lateral features of the ischium starting at the body?

A

ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity

remember: Islands Light In Twilight

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14
Q

list the features of the pubis:

A

pectineal line
pubic tubercle
superior ramus
body
inferior ramus

remember: “Puppies Playfully Swim in Blue”
(starts with P similar to Pubis)

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15
Q

What does the pubis contain, and how do they extend?

A

The pubis contains a superior ramus that extends superiorly to meet the ilium, and an inferior ramus that extends inferiorly to meet the ischium.

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16
Q

What lies between the superior and inferior pubic ramus, and what is its anterior projection called?

A

Between the two pubic rami lies the body of the pubis, which contains an anterior projection called the pubic tubercle.

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17
Q

What is the prominent ridge found on the pubis, and what is it an extension of?

A

The prominent ridge is the pectineal line, which is an extension of the arcuate line of the ilium.

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18
Q

What is the large depression spanning the lateral surfaces of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and what does it articulate with?

A

The large depression is called the acetabulum, and it articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.

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19
Q

What feature is found on the inferior edge of the acetabulum, and what passes through it?

A

The inferior edge of the acetabulum has an acetabular notch, through which blood vessels and nerves for the hip joint pass through.

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20
Q

What is the large opening in the hip bone, and what covers it?

A

The large opening in the hip bone is called the obturator foramen. It is mostly covered by an obturator membrane, which has a small opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass between the pelvic cavity and hip region.

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21
Q

list the joints of the pelvic girdle:

A

sacroiliac joints: Auricular surface of the sacrum fits into the auricular surface of the ilium

pubic symphysis: pubic bones meet

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22
Q

What does the term commonly denote, and anatomically, what does it refer to?

A

The term commonly denotes the portion of the trunk that lies inferior to the abdomen. Anatomically, it refers to the space that is surrounded by the bony pelvic girdle.

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23
Q

How is this space continuous superiorly, and into how many parts is it separated?

A

This space is continuous superiorly with the abdominal cavity and is separated into two parts: the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis.

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24
Q

What marks the border between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis, and what forms it?

A

The border between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis is a space contained within the pelvic brim. It is formed by the continuous bony ridge formed by the sacral promontory, arcuate lines of the ilia, and pectineal lines of the pubis bones.

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25
Q

What is the space contained within the pelvic brim called, and what marks its boundaries?

A

The space contained within the pelvic brim is called the pelvic inlet. It is bounded by the sacral promontory, arcuate lines of the ilia, and pectineal lines of the pubis bones.

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26
Q

What is the space bounded by the coccyx and the inferior end of the pelvic girdle called?

A

The space bounded by the coccyx and the inferior end of the pelvic girdle is called the pelvic outlet.

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27
Q

What is the greater pelvis?

A

The greater pelvis is the space that extends from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet.

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28
Q

What is the lesser pelvis?

A

The lesser pelvis is the space that extends from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic outlet. It is also called the true pelvis since it contains the pelvic cavity.

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29
Q

Why is the greater pelvis also called the false pelvis?

A

The greater pelvis is called the false pelvis because it contains the inferior portion of the abdominal cavity rather than the pelvic cavity.

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30
Q

The lower limb is comprised of:

A

Thigh (hip to knee)
Leg (knee to ankle)
Ankle
Foot

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31
Q

There are 30 bones in each lower limb:

A

Thigh = 1 bone (femur)
Patella
Leg = 2 bones (tibia, fibula)
Ankle = 7 bones (tarsals)
Foot = 19 bones (metatarsals, phalanges)

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32
Q

head of the femur:

A

spherical structure which articulates w/ the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

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33
Q

(femur) Fovea Capitus:

A

a depression (in the center of head) which is connected to the acetabulum by a ligament.

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34
Q

neck of the femur:

A

lateral to the head

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35
Q

body of the femur:

A

shaft of the femur

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36
Q

greater trochanter:

A

prominent bump on the lateral side of the femur

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37
Q

lesser trochanter:

A

on the back of the femur

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38
Q

Linea aspera

A

prominent ridge that runs down back of femur

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39
Q

list the features of the top proximal femur (not including head and neck):

A

greater trochanter
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
lesser trochanter
gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera

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40
Q

What is the bony prominence on the femur, serving as an attachment point for hip muscles?

A

the greater trochanter

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41
Q

What is the ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, connecting the greater and lesser trochanters?

A

The intertrochanteric line.

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42
Q

What is the ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, connecting the greater and lesser trochanters, but extending more inferiorly than the intertrochanteric line?

A

The intertrochanteric crest.

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43
Q

What is the bony prominence on the femur, located on the posterior and inferior aspect, serving as an attachment point for hip muscles?

A

The lesser trochanter.

44
Q

What is the roughened area on the posterior aspect of the femur, serving as an attachment point for gluteal muscles?

A

The gluteal tuberosity.

45
Q

What is the roughened ridge located on the posterior aspect of the femur, serving as an attachment point for thigh muscles?

A

The linea aspera.

46
Q

list the distal features of the anterior femur:

A

femur:
lateral epicondyle
lateral condyle
adductor tubercle
medial epicondyle
medial condyle

47
Q

What is the bony prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the femur, serving as an attachment point for knee ligaments?

A

The lateral epicondyle.

48
Q

What is the rounded prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the femur, articulating with the tibia bone?

A

The lateral condyle.

49
Q

What is the small bony projection located on the superior aspect of the medial condyle of the femur, serving as an attachment point for thigh muscles?

A

The adductor tubercle.

50
Q

What is the bony prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the femur, serving as an attachment point for knee ligaments?

A

The medial epicondyle.

51
Q

What is the rounded prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the femur, articulating with the tibia bone?

A

The medial condyle.

52
Q

list the distal features of the posterior femur:

A

femur:
lateral condyle
medial condyle
intercondylar fossa

53
Q

What is the depression located between the medial and lateral condyles on the posterior surface of the distal femur?

A

The intercondylar fossa.

54
Q

What is the sesamoid bone that forms within the patellar tendon and articulates with the femur?

A

The patella (kneecap).

55
Q

list the two facets of the patella and what they articulate with:

A

Medial articular facet: Medial femoral condyle

Lateral articular facet: Lateral femoral condyle

56
Q

the facets that articulate with the femoral condyles
to form the ____

A

patellofemoral joint

57
Q

list the features of the tibia:

A

lateral condyle
tibial tuberosity
anterior border
fibular notch
medial condyle
pes anserinus
medial malleolus

58
Q

What is the rounded prominence on the lateral side of the proximal end of the tibia?

A

The lateral condyle.

59
Q

What is the bony projection on the anterior surface of the tibia where the patellar ligament attaches?

A

The tibial tuberosity.

60
Q

What is the sharp edge running vertically along the front surface of the tibia?

A

The anterior border.

61
Q

What is the depression on the lateral surface of the distal tibia that articulates with the fibula?

A

The fibular notch.

62
Q

What is the rounded prominence on the medial side of the proximal end of the tibia?

A

The medial condyle.

63
Q

What is the tendinous attachment on the proximal medial aspect of the tibia, formed by the conjoined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles?

A

The pes anserinus.

64
Q

What is the bony prominence on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia?

A

The medial malleolus.

65
Q

features of the fibula:

A

head
lateral malleolus

66
Q

What is the rounded proximal end of the fibula called?

A

The head.

67
Q

What is the bony prominence on the lateral side of the distal end of the fibula?

A

The lateral malleolus.

68
Q

what dies not articulate with the femur?

A

the fubula

69
Q

name the joints of the leg?

A

proximal tibiofibular joint
interosseous membrane
distal tibiofibular joint

70
Q

What is the joint between the proximal ends of the tibia and fibula called?

A

The proximal tibiofibular joint.

71
Q

What is the fibrous sheet that connects the shafts of the tibia and fibula called?

A

The interosseous membrane.

72
Q

What is the joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula called?

A

The distal tibiofibular joint.

73
Q

what region does tarsal refer to and how many tarsal bones in the region?

A

refers to ankle with 7 bones in the region

74
Q

what are the joints between bones in the tarsal region referred to as?

A

intertarsal joints

75
Q

list the features of the tarsal region:

A

calcaneus
talus
cuboid
navicular
medial (first) cuneiform
intermediate (second) cuneiform
lateral (third) cuneiform

talus cover navicular, navicular covers cuneiforms

76
Q

What is the largest tarsal bone that forms the heel?

A

Calcaneus.

77
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint?

A

Talus.

78
Q

Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot and articulates with the calcaneus and metatarsals?

A

Cuboid

79
Q

Which tarsal bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones, and forms part of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Navicular.

80
Q

Which tarsal bone is located on the medial side of the foot and articulates with the first metatarsal?

A

Medial (first) cuneiform.

81
Q

Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot and articulates with the third metatarsal?

A

Lateral (third) cuneiform.

82
Q

how many metatarsals are there?

A

5

83
Q

how many phalanges are there?

A

14

84
Q

how are the metatarsals and digits (toes) numbered?

A

I-V (1-5) from medial to lateral

85
Q

in the hand, the metacarpals and digits are numbered from ___ to ____, while in the foot, the metatarsals and digits are numbered from ___ to ___.

A

lateral to medial

medial to lateral

86
Q

list the features of the metatarsal and phalanges:

A

metatarsal V
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
metatarsal I
proximal phalanx
distal phalanx

87
Q

Metatarsal V

A

Located on the outer side of the foot, it’s the bone leading to the little toe.

88
Q

Proximal Phalanx

A

Situated closer to the metatarsals, these bones form the base of the toes.

89
Q

Middle Phalanx

A

Positioned between the proximal and distal phalanges, it’s the middle bone of the toes.

90
Q

Distal Phalanx

A

Found at the tip of each toe, forming the end of the digit.

91
Q

Metatarsal I

A

Located on the inner side of the foot, it’s the bone leading to the big toe.

92
Q

Where is Metatarsal V located?

A

On the outer side of the foot, leading to the little toe.

93
Q

Where are Proximal Phalanges located?

A

Closer to the metatarsals, forming the base of the toes.

94
Q

Where is the Middle Phalanx located?

A

Between the proximal and distal phalanges, in the middle of the toes.

95
Q

Where are Distal Phalanges located?

A

At the tip of each toe, forming the end of the digit.

96
Q

Where is Metatarsal I located?

A

On the inner side of the foot, leading to the big toe.

97
Q

What bones does the Tarsometatarsal joint connect?

A

Tarsals to metatarsals.

98
Q

What bones does the Metatarsophalangeal joint connect?

A

Metatarsals to proximal phalanges.

99
Q

What bones does the Interphalangeal joint connect?

A

Phalanges to phalanges.

100
Q

How can the Interphalangeal joints be subdivided?

A

Into Proximal interphalangeal joints (proximal to middle) and Distal interphalangeal joints (middle to distal).

101
Q

how many interphalangeal joints does the first digit have and why?

A

only has 2 phalanges, therefor has 1 interphalangeal joint

102
Q

arches of the foor:

A

transverse arch
lateral longitudinal arch
medial longitudinal arch

103
Q

What is the Transverse arch?

A

A curved arch running across the width of the foot.

104
Q

What is the Lateral longitudinal arch?

A

An arch running along the outer side of the foot, from the heel to the ball.

105
Q

What is the Medial longitudinal arch?

A

n arch running along the inner side of the foot, from the heel to the ball.

106
Q

What are the functions of the foot arches?

A

Provide stability to the foot

Allow the foot to better support the weight of the body and adapt to changes in ground contour

Absorb impact forces and allow more efficient force generation during gait

107
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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