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Anatomy > joints and ligaments 2 > Flashcards

joints and ligaments 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

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2
Q

What do the categories of synovial joints determine?

A

They determine which movements can occur based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces of the bones involved.

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3
Q

what are plane joints?

A

both articular surfaces are flat.
permit gliding movements.

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4
Q

what are examples of plane joints?

A

Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Sternoclavicular joints
Acromioclavicular joints

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics and movements of plane joints.

A

Plane joints have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces and allow gliding or sliding movements. They permit limited nonaxial movement.

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6
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Hinge joints are synovial joints where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, allowing angular, opening-and-closing motions like that of a hinged door.

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7
Q

what movements do hinge joints permmit?

A

They are uniaxial (monaxial) joints, permitting only flexion and extension movements.

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8
Q

what are pivot joints?

A

Pivot joints, also known as trochoid joints, are synovial joints where the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.

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9
Q

what movement do pivot joints permit?

A

They are uniaxial joints, allowing rotation only around their own longitudinal axis.

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

examples of pivot joints:

A

atlanto-axial joint, where the atlas rotates around the axis allowing the head to turn from side-to-side, and the radioulnar joints, enabling the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly as the head of the radius pivots around its long axis in the radial notch of the ulna.

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12
Q

Condyloid Joints:

A

The oval-shaped convex surface of one bone articulates with the oval-shaped depression on another bone

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13
Q

what movements does a condyloid joint permit?

A

Permit flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (biaxial)

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14
Q

examples of a condyloid joint:

A

Wrist joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints

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15
Q

saddle joints:

A

The saddle-shaped surface of one bone articulates with a “rider”-shaped surface of another bone

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16
Q

saddle joint movements:

A

Permit flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (biaxial)

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17
Q

example of saddle joints:

A

1st carpometacarpal joint

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18
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

The ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-shaped depression on another bone

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19
Q

ball and socket joint movements:

A

Permit flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation (triaxial)

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20
Q

examples of ball and socket joints:

A

Shoulder joint
Hip joint

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21
Q

What factors contribute to the enhanced mobility of the shoulder joint?

A

The shallowness of the glenoid cavity and the presence of the glenoid labrum.

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22
Q

Why is the shoulder joint relatively unstable?

A

The shoulder joint is relatively unstable due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity and glenoid labrum. Stability is enhanced by ligaments and MUSCLES

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23
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments that support the shoulder joint?

A

The extra capsular ligaments that support the shoulder joint include the Glenohumeral ligaments, Coracohumeral ligament, and the transverse humeral ligament.

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24
Q

What is the function of the subacromial bursa?

A

The subacromial bursa reduces friction between the acromion process and the ligaments and tendons around the shoulder joint.

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25
Q

Which ligaments support the anterior capsule of the shoulder joint?

A

The Glenohumeral ligaments and Coracohumeral ligament support the anterior capsule of the shoulder joint.

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26
Q

Glenohumeral ligaments

A

support anterior capsule

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27
Q

Coracohumeral ligament

A

supports the anterior and superior capsule

28
Q

What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament in the shoulder joint?

A

The transverse humeral ligament spans the intertubercular sulcus and acts as a retinaculum, anchoring the proximal tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

29
Q

What are retinacula, and what is their role in joints?

A

Retinacula are structures that anchor tendons around joints, providing support and stability to the tendons during movement.

30
Q

What ligament supports the alignment between the acromion process and clavicle in the acromioclavicular joint?

A

The acromioclavicular joint is supported by the acromioclavicular ligament.

31
Q

What is the function of the acromioclavicular ligament?

A

The acromioclavicular ligament helps maintain the alignment between the acromion process and the clavicle, providing stability to the acromioclavicular joint.

32
Q

What contributes to the stability of the hip joint?

A

The stability of the hip joint is attributed to the deep socket provided by the acetabulum and acetabular labrum, as well as the strong ligaments that support the joint.

33
Q

Name the extra capsular ligaments that support the hip joint

A

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and the Ishiofemoral ligament

34
Q

function of the iliofemoral ligament

A

limits extension of the hip

35
Q

function of the pubofemoral ligament

A

limits abduction of the hip

36
Q

function of the Ishiofemoral ligament

A

limits medial rotation of the hip

37
Q

What is the Ligament of the head of the femur, and what is its function?

A

Ligamentum teres, carries an artery for the femoral head.

38
Q

Describe the function of the Ligament of the head of the femur (Ligamentum teres).

A

carries an artery for the femoral head, contributing to its vascular supply.

39
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments that support the medial side of the elbow joint?

A

The medial side is supported by the ulnar or medial collateral ligament, which limits valgus forces.

40
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments that support the lateral sides of the elbow joint?

A

The lateral side is supported by the radial or lateral collateral ligament, which limits varus forces.

41
Q

Annular ligament:

A

anchors the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.

42
Q

what is valgus force?

A

VaLgus (VaLgum) = Lateral angulation of the distal segment

43
Q

what is varus force?

A

Varus (Varum) = Medial angulation of the distal segment

44
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments that support the hip joint?

A

the iliofemoral ligament (limits extension), pubofemoral ligament (limits abduction), and ischiofemoral ligament (limits medial rotation).

45
Q

What is the ligament of the head of the femur (Ligamentum teres) responsible for?

A

The ligament of the head of the femur carries an artery for the femoral head.

46
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

hinge joint

47
Q

how does the articular surfaces of the knee joint function?

A

its articular surfaces allow the round femoral condyles to roll and slide over the flat tibial condyles during flexion and extension, changing the points of contact between the condyles.

48
Q

What enhances the congruence of the joint surfaces in the knee joint?

A

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus.

49
Q

What is the dependence of the knee joint’s stability on?

A

The stability of the knee joint is highly dependent on the ligaments and muscles surrounding it.

50
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) function and location:

A

Location: Medial side of the knee joint.

Function: Limits valgus forces applied to the knee.

51
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) function and loction:

A

Location: Lateral side of the knee joint.

Function: Limits varus forces applied to the knee.

52
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) location and function:

A

Location: Attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibia and the posterior aspect of the femur.

Function: Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur; limits hyperextension of the knee joint.

53
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) location and function:

A

Location: Attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibia and the anterior aspect of the femur.

Function: Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur; limits hyperflexion of the knee joint.

54
Q

Function of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL):

A

Prevents anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.

Remember: A for ACL and for Tibia moving Anterior

55
Q

Function of Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL):

A

Prevents posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.

Remember: P for PCL and for tibia moving Posterior

56
Q

the ACL limits _____ of the knee

A

hyperextension

57
Q

what happens when a force attempts to translate the tibia anteriorly or the femur posteriorly:

A

The ACL stretches to resist this movement.

It applies a counterforce to prevent excessive anterior translation of the tibia or posterior translation of the femur.

58
Q

Importance of Ankle Joint Stability:

A

The ankle joints support the weight of the entire body in weight-bearing postures.
Stability is crucial for proper function and preventing injuries.

59
Q

how does the ankle joint provide support?

A

Support is provided by the congruence of the articular surfaces and the ligaments and tendons that cross the ankle region.

60
Q

which ligaments limit inversion of the foot?

A

Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Posterior Talofibular Ligament
Calcaneofibular Ligament

61
Q

which ligament limits eversion of the foot?

A

deltoid ligament

62
Q

What is the width comparison between the anterior and posterior portions of the articular surface of the talus?

A

The anterior portion of the articular surface of the talus is wider than the posterior portion.

63
Q

What are the implications of the width difference of the articular surface of the talus?

A

The width difference affects ankle stability and injury mechanisms.

64
Q

What happens to ankle stability when the foot is in plantarflexion?

A

Ankle joint stability decreases.

65
Q

What ligaments are sprained with forced inversion and eversion when the foot is in plantarflexion?

A

Forced inversion leads to sprains of the lateral ligaments, while forced eversion leads to sprains of the deltoid ligament.

66
Q

What happens to ankle stability when the foot is in dorsiflexion?

A

Ankle joint stability increases.

67
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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