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Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

define the thoracic cavity

A

the space within the thoracic cage, extending from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm.

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2
Q

define thoracic inlet:

A

The opening into the thoracic cavity, bounded by the manubrium, 1st ribs, and T1 vertebra.

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3
Q

Bony Boundaries of the Thoracic Cavity

A

Anterior: Sternum
Lateral: Ribs
Posterior: Thoracic vertebra

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4
Q

Contents of the Thoracic Cavity

A

Happy: Heart and great vessels
Turtles: Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Eat: Esophagus
Treats: Thymus gland

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5
Q

Thoracic Cavity Divisions

A

Pleural Cavities: Located laterally on either side, containing the lungs.

Mediastinum: Located between the pleural cavities, subdivided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior portions.

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6
Q

Mediastinum

A

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and other structures, divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior portions.

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7
Q

Heart Position in the Mediastinum

A

The heart is situated within the middle portion of the mediastinum.

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8
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Epicardium: Thin outer layer of connective tissue.

Myocardium: Thick middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue.

Endocardium: Thin inner layer of endothelial tissue.

Epi - Myo - Endo

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9
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Dense connective tissue layer, anchoring the heart to the diaphragm and blood vessels entering/exiting the heart.

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10
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Thin double-layered membrane of the pericardium, containing a fluid-filled space called the pericardial cavity between layers.

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11
Q

Parietal Layer

A

Outer layer of the serous pericardium, fused to the fibrous pericardium.

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12
Q

Visceral Layer

A

Inner layer of the serous pericardium, fused to the heart (synonymous with the epicardium).

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13
Q

what is the membrane surround the heart called?

A

pericardium

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14
Q

Formation of Serous Pericardium

A

The process by which the heart drops into the fluid-filled sac, resulting in the formation of the double-layered membrane of the serous pericardium.

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15
Q

Importance of Serous Pericardium

A

Crucial in allowing the heart to expand and recoil during contraction and relaxation.

Inflammation or infection of the serous pericardium (pericarditis) can severely compromise the heart’s ability to contract, potentially leading to fatal consequences if left untreated.

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16
Q

Heart Chambers

A

The interior of the heart is composed of four chambers separated by portions of the heart wall.

Left and right atria: Superior chambers that receive blood.

Left and right ventricles: Inferior chambers that eject blood.

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17
Q

Left and right atria:

A

Superior chambers that receive blood.

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18
Q

Left and right ventricles:

A

Inferior chambers that eject blood.

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19
Q

interventricular septum

A

Portions of the heart wall that separate the four chambers.

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20
Q

Atria

A

Chambers of the heart that serve as entrance ways for blood into the heart.

Receive blood from outside the heart and drain blood into the ventricles.

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21
Q

Ventricles

A

Chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and eject blood into specific vessels (aorta and pulmonary trunk).

Have thicker walls with more cardiac muscle compared to the atria, to provide sufficient pressure for blood circulation.

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22
Q

Oxygenated vs. Deoxygenated Blood

A

Oxygenated blood is generally depicted as red, while deoxygenated blood is depicted as blue

Deoxygenated blood is darker than oxygenated blood but is not actually blue.

Deoxygenated blood contains less oxygen than oxygenated blood but is not completely devoid of oxygen.

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23
Q

how thin is the right atrium?

A

2-3 mm

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24
Q

how thick is the right ventricle

A

4-5

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25
Q

how thin is the left atrium?

A

2-3 mm

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26
Q

how thick is the left ventricle?

A

10-15 mm

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27
Q

Cardiac Valves

A

One-way valves within the heart that control the flow of blood through the cardiac circulation.

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28
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Other Names: Bicuspid Valve, Mitral Valve

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29
Q

Right Atrioventricular Valve

A

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Other Name: Tricuspid Valve

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30
Q

Left Semilunar Valve

A

Definition: Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Other Name: Aortic Valve

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31
Q

Right Semilunar Valve

A

Definition: Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

Other Name: Pulmonary Valve

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32
Q

Types of Valves in the Heart

A

Atrioventricular valves (2): Separate the atria from the ventricles.

Semilunar valves (2): Separate the ventricles from the arteries emerging from them.

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33
Q

what does the bicuspid valve refer to? what does the tricuspid valve refer to?

A

The bicuspid valve refers to it’s having two cusps or flaps.

While the tricuspid valve refers to it’s having three cusps or flaps.

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34
Q

how do the atrioventricular flaps open?

A

inferiorly

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35
Q

what do the atrioventricular valves (AV) allow?

A

allows blood to enter the ventricles

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36
Q

how do the semilunar valves open?

A

superiorly

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37
Q

what do the semilunar valves allow?

A

Allow blood to exit the ventricles

38
Q

Function of Heart Valves

A

Designed to function as one-way valves, opening to allow fluid to travel in one direction and closing to prevent fluid from traveling in the opposite direction.

39
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

open inferiorly, allowing blood flow from atria to ventricles and preventing backflow.

40
Q

Semilunar valves

A

open superiorly, allowing blood flow from ventricles to aorta/pulmonary trunk and preventing backflow into ventricles.

41
Q

External Surface of the Heart

A

Contains several groups marking boundaries between the four chambers and carrying major coronary blood vessels.

Coronary sulcus: Marks boundary between atria and ventricles.

Interventricular sulcus: Marks boundary between the two ventricles.

42
Q

Coronary sulcus:

A

Encircles the heart and roughly marks the external boundary between the atria and ventricles.

Carries major coronary blood vessels.

43
Q

Interventricular sulcus:

A

Grooves on the anterior and posterior surface of the heart.

Roughly mark the external boundary between the ventricles.

Carry major coronary blood vessels.

44
Q

Auricles

A

Ear-shaped pouches extending from the anterior surface of each atrium.

Allow the atria to hold more blood.

45
Q

how is the heart orientated?

A

Rather than being straight up and down in the media Steinem, the heart is orientated with its apex or ventricular end tilted anteriorly and to the left.

46
Q

Location of Heart Chambers

A

Left atrium: Located on the posterior side of the heart.

Right atrium: Located on the right side of the heart.

Left ventricle: Located on the left side of the heart.

Right ventricle: Located on the anterior side of the heart.

47
Q

Great Vessels around the Heart

A

Vessels that either drain blood into the atria or receive blood from the ventricles.

48
Q

Vessels Containing Oxygenated Blood

A

Aorta: Receives blood from the left ventricle.

Pulmonary Veins: Drain blood into the left atrium.

Color: Typically depicted as red.

49
Q

Vessels Containing Deoxygenated Blood

A

Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava: Drain blood into the right atrium.

Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries: Receive blood from the right ventricle.

Color: Typically depicted as blue.

50
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

System of blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissues.

Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Blood loses oxygen in this circuit.

51
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

System of blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

Blood gains oxygen in this circuit.

52
Q

Cardiac Circulation

A

Consists of two circuits connecting systemic and pulmonary circulations.

Essential for understanding blood flow through the heart.

53
Q

relation between systemic circulation and the right atrium:

A

All deoxygenated blood within the systemic circulation drains into the right atrium.

54
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Drains blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium.

55
Q

Path of Deoxygenated Blood in Systemic Circulation

A

From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle.

Ejected into the pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

56
Q

where is blood oxygenated?

A

in the lungs

57
Q

how is oxygenated blood carried back into the heart?

A

through the pulmonary veins

58
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Drain oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.

59
Q

Path of Oxygenated Blood in Pulmonary Circulation

A

From the left atrium, blood travels to the left ventricle.
Ejected into the systemic circulation through the aorta.

60
Q

Arteries:

A

carry blood away from the heart

61
Q

Which arteries are an exception to carrying oxygenated blood from the heart?

A

pulmonary arteries are an exception to carrying oxygenated blood from the heart

62
Q

veins:

A

carry deoxygenated blood

63
Q

which veins are an exception to carry deoxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary veins

64
Q

Exceptions in Pulmonary Circulation

A

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

65
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Network of blood vessels encircling the heart, delivering oxygenated blood to and removing deoxygenated blood from heart tissue.

66
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Branch out from the aorta near its origin from the left ventricle.

Supply oxygenated blood to the heart tissue.

67
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Drain deoxygenated blood from heart tissue.

68
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from coronary veins.

Drains directly into the right atrium.

69
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Branches off the ascending aorta.

Distributes oxygenated blood to the heart.

70
Q

Variability in Coronary Artery Branches

A

There is considerable variation in the branches arising from the left and right coronary arteries.

71
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

All events occurring during one heartbeat.

Includes alternating periods of contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles.

72
Q

Fluctuating Pressures in Atria and Ventricles

A

During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the atria and ventricles fluctuates.

These pressure changes cause valves to open and close at specific times.

73
Q

Valve Function in Cardiac Cycle

A

Valves open and close in response to fluctuating pressures.

Allows coordinated movement of blood through the heart and body.

74
Q

Initiation of Cardiac Cycle

A

Initiated by spontaneous generation of action potentials in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

Action potentials travel through atrial walls.

75
Q

Atrial Contraction

A

Resulting contractions increase pressure within atria.

Pushes blood into ventricles.

76
Q

Ventricular Contraction

A

Subsequent contractions increase pressure within ventricles.

Attempts to push blood out of ventricles.

77
Q

Function of AV Valves

A

Closing of AV valves prevents blood from flowing back into atria.

Blood leaves ventricles only through semilunar valves into aorta and pulmonary trunk.

78
Q

what is phase 1 of cardiac cycle (cardiac contraction initiation)?

A

SA node generates action potential, spreading through atria.

Atrial contraction increases pressure, pushing blood into ventricles.

Action potential travels to ventricles through conduction system.

79
Q

what is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle (ventricular contraction)?

A

Action potential spreads via Purkinje fibers, causing ventricular contraction.

Contraction increases ventricular pressure.

Higher ventricular pressure closes AV valves = “LUB” (first heart sound).

80
Q

what are the purkinje fiber?

A

responsible for coordinating the contraction of the ventricular walls to ensure efficient blood flow to the rest of the body. The Purkinje fibers receive electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmit them quickly throughout the heart muscle.

81
Q

phase 3 of the cardiac cycle (semilunar valve opening):

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds aortic and pulmonary trunk pressure.

Semilunar valves are pushed open.

Blood exits the heart.

82
Q

phase 4 of the cardiac cycle:
Atria and Ventricular Relaxation

A

Pressure within atria and ventricles drops as they relax.

Atrial pressure becomes less than pressure in draining veins, causing blood entry.

Ventricular pressure becomes less than pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk, closing semilunar valves = “DUB” (second heart sound).

83
Q

stage 5 of the cardiac cycle:
Atrial Pressure and AV Valve Opening

A

Atria pressure increases as blood enters.

When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, AV valves open, allowing blood into ventricles.

84
Q

phase 6 of the cardiac cycle:

A

The SA node generates an action potential… (see #1)

cycle starts over again…

85
Q

what are the sounds heard through a stethoscope?

A

valves closing

“Lub” (first sound) = AV valves closing

“Dub” (second sound) = semilunar valves closing

86
Q

what are AV valves connected to?

A

papillary muscles in the walls of the ventricle via tendon-like cords called chordae tendinae

87
Q

chordae tendinae

A

Tendon-like cords.
Connect AV valves to papillary muscles in ventricle walls.

88
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

Muscles in ventricle walls.

Connected to AV valves via chordae tendineae.

89
Q

Role of Papillary Muscles

A

Papillary muscles contract during ventricular contraction.

They pull on chordae tendineae.

90
Q

Chordae Tendineae Function

A

Chordae tendineae become taut due to papillary muscle contraction.

Prevent AV valve flaps from being pushed into atria.

91
Q

Consequence of Valve Dysfunction

A

Valve dysfunction leads to regurgitation.

Regurgitation causes blood backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.

Detected as a heart murmur.

92
Q
A

Anatomy (34 decks)

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