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Anatomy > Circulatory System 2 > Flashcards

Circulatory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of superficial veins?

A

Superficial veins are located in the subcutaneous tissue, below the skin.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of deep veins?

A

Deep veins generally accompany arteries and share their name.

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3
Q

Why are there generally more veins compared to arteries in the body?

A

There are generally two deep veins that accompany each artery, and a host of superficial veins that do not have arterial correlates.

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4
Q

What are the three veins that drain into the right atrium?

A

The three veins that drain into the right atrium are the coronary sinus, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.

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5
Q

What structures does the coronary sinus receive blood from?

A

The coronary sinus receives blood from the coronary veins.

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6
Q

What structures generally drain into the superior vena cava?

A

The superior vena cava generally receives blood from structures above the diaphragm.

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7
Q

What structures generally drain into the inferior vena cava?

A

The inferior vena cava generally receives blood from structures below the diaphragm.

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8
Q

How does the inferior vena cava pass between the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

Similar to the aorta, the inferior vena cava passes between the thoracic and abdominal cavities through an opening in the diaphragm.

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9
Q

What are the three veins that drain into the superior vena cava?

A

The three veins that drain into the superior vena cava are the left and right brachiocephalic veins, and the azygous vein.

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10
Q

What structures do the left and right brachiocephalic veins receive blood from?

A

The left and right brachiocephalic veins receive blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs.

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11
Q

What structures does the azygous vein receive blood from?

A

The azygous vein receives blood from the thoracic and abdominal walls.

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12
Q

What is the first vein that merges to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

The first vein is the internal jugular vein, which receives blood from within the cranial cavity and passes it into the neck via the jugular foramen.

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13
Q

What is the second vein that merges to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

The subclavian vein receives blood from the upper limb and other veins typically drained into it, including the external jugular vein, which collects blood from structures outside the skull, and the vertebral vein, which carries blood from neck structures through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae.

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14
Q

Therefore, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by:

A

the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins

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15
Q

Where are the venous sinuses located?

A

The venous sinuses are located between the two layers of cranial dura mater.

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16
Q

What do the dural sinuses collect?

A

The dural sinuses collect venous blood from the brain.

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17
Q

What do the dural sinuses merge to form?

A

The dural sinuses merge to form the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina.

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18
Q

What is formed between the two layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity?

A

Spaces are formed between the two layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity.

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19
Q

What do these spaces between the two layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity contain?

A

venous sinuses.

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20
Q

What do the venous sinuses collect?

A

The venous sinuses collect deoxygenated blood from the brain.

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21
Q

What do the venous sinuses merge to form?

A

The venous sinuses merge at the base of the brain to form the internal jugular veins.

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22
Q

What do the internal jugular veins do?

A

The internal jugular veins carry the blood out of the cranial cavity.

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23
Q

What type of veins are present in addition to deep veins in the upper limbs?

A

In addition to deep veins, the upper limbs also contain several superficial veins.

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24
Q

What is the most prominent superficial vein in the upper limb?

A

The most prominent superficial veins are the cephalic vein and the basilic vein.

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25
Q

What area of the upper limb does the cephalic vein receive blood from?

A

The cephalic vein receives blood from the lateral portion of the upper limb.

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26
Q

What area of the upper limb does the basilic vein receive blood from?

A

The basilic vein receives blood from the medial portion of the upper limb.

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27
Q

What drains the thorax and abdominal wall?

A

The thorax and abdominal wall are drained by a network of veins called the azygos system.

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28
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

The azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava.

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29
Q

What provides an alternate route for venous blood from the lower limbs and abdomen back to the heart?

A

There are connections between the azygos system and the inferior vena cava, providing an alternate route for venous blood from the lower limbs and abdomen back to the heart.

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30
Q

How does the inferior vena cava form?

A

The inferior vena cava forms from the union of the two common iliac veins.

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31
Q

What do the common iliac veins form from?

A

Each common iliac vein forms from the union of an internal iliac vein and an external iliac vein.

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32
Q

What are the three paired visceral veins that drain into the inferior vena cava?

A

The three paired visceral veins are the suprarenal veins, renal veins, and gonadal veins.

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33
Q

What structures do the suprarenal veins receive blood from?

A

The suprarenal veins receive blood from the adrenal glands.

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34
Q

What structures do the renal veins receive blood from?

A

The renal veins receive blood from the kidneys.

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35
Q

What structures do the gonadal veins receive blood from?

A

The gonadal veins receive blood from the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females).

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36
Q

What is the unpaired visceral vein that drains into the inferior vena cava?

A

The unpaired visceral vein is the hepatic veins.

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37
Q

What structures do the hepatic veins receive blood from?

A

The hepatic veins receive blood from the liver.

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38
Q

How does the gastrointestinal (GI) tract drain blood?

A

The GI tract does not drain directly into the inferior vena cava.

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39
Q

What system of veins drains blood from the organs of the GI tract (and the spleen) into the liver?

A

A “portal system” of veins drains blood from the organs of the GI tract (and the spleen) into the liver.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the portal system?

A

The portal system allows the liver first access to the nutrients absorbed from the gut and allows it to detoxify this blood before it joins the general circulation via the hepatic veins.

41
Q

Do the venous correlates to the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

A

No, these veins do not drain directly into the inferior vena cava.

42
Q

What veins receive blood from the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and spleen?

A

The splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein receive blood from these organs.

43
Q

What do these veins merge to form?

A

These veins merge to form the hepatic portal vein.

44
Q

What is the primary reason for this special venous network?

A

The primary reason is to allow the liver to detoxify the blood by removing any harmful substances that may have entered the bloodstream via the gastrointestinal tract before it is allowed to pass back into the general circulation.

45
Q

Splenic v.

A

Stomach, pancreas, spleen

46
Q

Superior mesenteric v

A

Small intestine,
large intestine

47
Q

Inferior mesenteric v.

A

Large intestine

48
Q

What are the deep veins of the lower limb correlates of?

A

lower limb arteries

49
Q

What type of veins are present in addition to deep veins in the lower limbs?

A

In addition to deep veins, the lower limbs also contain several superficial veins.

50
Q

What is the most prominent superficial vein in the lower limb?

A

The most prominent superficial veins are the great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein.

51
Q

What area of the lower limb does the great saphenous vein receive blood from?

A

The great saphenous vein receives blood from the medial portion of the lower limb.

52
Q

What area of the lower limb does the small saphenous vein receive blood from?

A

The small saphenous vein receives blood from the lateral portion of the leg and foot.

53
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

The components include lymphatic vessels and organs (and other structures) that contain lymphatic tissue like red bone marrow.

54
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels transport interstitial fluid and plasma proteins to the blood, and they transport dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood.

55
Q

How does the lymphatic system help defend against disease?

A

The lymphatic system helps defend against disease through the production, maturation, and proliferation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue and red bone marrow.

56
Q

What are the two main components of the lymphatic system?

A

The two main components are a network of lymphatic vessels and red bone marrow, and collections of lymphatic tissue.

57
Q

What substances do lymphatic vessels transport?

A

Lymphatic vessels transport substances from the interstitial fluid and dietary lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood.

58
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow and collections of lymphatic tissue?

A

They regulate the body’s lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.

59
Q

are substances exchanged between capillaries and surrounding cells?

A

Substances are exchanged via a fluid-filled interstitial space that is present throughout the body.

60
Q

What happens to substances that leave capillaries but are not taken up by surrounding cells?

A

They cannot re-enter the capillaries for transport to another region of the body.

61
Q

What is the function of the network of lymphatic vessels within the interstitial space?

A

The lymphatic vessels collect substances that are not taken up by surrounding cells, as well as some dietary lipids from the gastrointestinal tract, and return them to the blood.

62
Q

How is the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels assisted?

A

It is assisted by valves and “pumps” such as skeletal muscle and respiratory movements.

63
Q

What structures do smaller lymph vessels unite to form?

A

They unite to form lymph trunks.

64
Q

What are the two main lymphatic ducts?

A

The thoracic (left lymphatic) duct and the right lymphatic duct.

65
Q

What regions of the body does the thoracic duct receive lymph from?

A

The entire left side of the body and the lower portion of the right side of the body.

66
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into the blood?

A

It drains lymph into the blood at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein.

67
Q

What regions of the body does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

The upper portion of the right side of the body.

68
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into the blood?

A

It drains lymph into the blood at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein.

69
Q

What are the two main lymphatic ducts?

A

The right lymphatic duct and the left lymphatic duct, also known as the thoracic duct.

70
Q

What portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

The upper portion of the right side of the body.

71
Q

What portion of the body does the left lymphatic or thoracic duct receive lymph from?

A

The rest of the body, except for the upper portion of the right side.

72
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts drain lymph into the blood?

A

Each duct drains lymph into the blood where its corresponding brachiocephalic vein is formed.

73
Q

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow produces most of the stem cells that eventually form the various types of blood cells.

74
Q

Where do lymphocytes migrate to acquire the ability to contribute to the body’s immune response?

A

Lymphocytes migrate to specific locations in the body that contain lymphatic tissue.

75
Q

What is the significance of lymphatic tissue for lymphocytes?

A

In lymphatic tissue, lymphocytes acquire the ability to contribute to the body’s immune response.

76
Q

What regulates the body’s lymphocyte-mediated immune responses besides lymphatic vessels?

A

The red bone marrow and collections of lymphatic tissue around the body regulate the body’s lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.

77
Q

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow produces most of the blood cells in the body.

78
Q

What type of white blood cells assist with inflammatory and infectious responses?

A

Lymphocytes, whose function is regulated by lymphatic tissue, are among the many types of white blood cells that assist with inflammatory and infectious responses.

79
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

The primary lymphatic organs are the red bone marrow and the thymus.

80
Q

What is the function of the red bone marrow in the lymphatic system?

A

Red bone marrow converts stem cells into mature blood cells, giving rise to mature B-lymphocytes and immature T-lymphocytes.

81
Q

What is the function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

A

The thymus gives rise to mature T-lymphocytes.

82
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

The secondary lymphatic organs are lymph nodes and the spleen.

83
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Secondary lymphatic organs are where lymphocytes get “activated.”

84
Q

How are lymphatic organs categorized?

A

Lymphatic organs are categorized into primary and secondary organs.

85
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs and what do they give rise to?

A

The primary lymphatic organs include the red bone marrow and thymus. The red bone marrow gives rise to mature B lymphocytes, while the thymus gives rise to mature T lymphocytes.

86
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what happens there?

A

The secondary lymphatic organs include the lymph nodes and spleen. These organs are where mature lymphocytes become activated.

87
Q

How can the process of lymphocyte activation be metaphorically described?

A

The red bone marrow and thymus equip lymphocytes with weaponry but not specific instructions. Lymphocytes then migrate to lymph nodes and spleen, where they receive instructions on which pathogens to fight before attacking them throughout the body.

88
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

The thymus is located in the superior mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity.

89
Q

What happens to the thymus after puberty?

A

Although it gradually decreases in size after puberty, the thymus maintains an active role in the body’s immune response throughout life.

90
Q

What are the consequences of genetic disorders affecting the thymus?

A

Genetic disorders that cause a person to be born with an aplastic thymus (small or non-existent) result in immunodeficiency issues.

91
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

are non-encapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in certain sites around the body (e.g., the tonsils)

92
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes are hundreds of small bean-shaped structures scattered along lymphatic vessels throughout the body.

93
Q

What happens to mature lymphocytes in lymph nodes?

A

Mature lymphocytes circulating in the bloodstream enter lymph nodes and wait to be “activated” by nodular cells.

94
Q

What are the reasons for lymph node enlargement?

A

Active infection: Results in soft, movable, and tender lymph nodes.

Accumulation of cancer cells: Leads to firm, fixed, and non-tender lymph nodes.

Primary tumors, such as lymphoma.

Malignant tumors, where cancer cells spread via blood or lymph.

95
Q

Where is the spleen located and what are its functions?

A

The spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity.

It assists in the removal and destruction of old blood cells and contains the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. It is also an important site for the activation of mature lymphocytes.

Anatomy (34 decks)

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