Hematology Flashcards
Venipuncture order of draw
Yellow (SPS, blood culture tubes)
Light Blue (sodium citrate)
Red (serum with or without gel separator)
Green (heparin)
Lavender (EDTA)
Gray (sodium fluoride or oxalate)
Skin puncture order of draw
Tube for blood gas analysis
Slides
EDTA microcollection tube
Other microcollection tubes
Serum microcollection tubes
Tourniquet is wrapped around the arm about _____ above the selected site
3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm)
Tourniquet should not remain on the arm for longer than
1 min (or 2 mins)
Length of needle used in phlebotomy
1 (to 1.5) inch
Needle angle for venipuncture
15 (to 30) degrees, bevel up
Most common needle size and length for adult venipuncture
Gauge 21, 1 inch
Needle gauge for PEDIATRIC phlebotomy
Gauge 23 (or 22)
Needle gauge for bleeding donors
Gauge 16
Needle gauge for TUBERCULIN syringe
Gauge 25
Needle gauge for TRANSFER of blood from syringe to tube
Gauge 19
Size of BLOOD DROP for smear preparation
2-3 mm
Distance of blood drop from the frosted edge of the slide
1 cm (0.25 inch)
Distance where smears terminates near the end of slide (automated spreader)
0.5 inch
Angle between 2 slides when making blood smear
30-45 degrees
Slide angle for blood smear preparation if patient has POLYCYTHEMIA
25 degrees (decrease)
Size of square coverslip
22 x 22 mm
Wintrobe tube length
115 mm
Wintrobe tube bore
3 mm
Wintrobe tube is graduated at
0-100 mm
Length of capillary tube
7.0-7.5 cm (70-75mm)
Bore of capillary tube
1.0 (or 1.2) mm
Thickness pf clayseal in microhematocrit tube
4-6 mm
Centrifugation speed and time for microhematocrit method
10,000-15,000g for 5 mins
Microhematocrit tubes should be read within how many minutes
10 minutes after centrifugation
Trapped plasma increases hematocrit reading by how much
1-3%
Coefficient of variation for most hematology tests should be
<5%
Marks seen on a Thoma WBC pipet
0.5, 1, 11
Marks seen on a Thoma RBC pipet
0.5, 1, 101
Total are of the Levy chamber
9mm^2
Patient has a normal RBC count. How many RBCs will be seen per OIF
200-250
Dilution for RBC count using automated counting instrument
1:50,000
Factor used when performing WBC estimate using OIO
3,000
Factor used when performing WBC estimate using HPO
2,000
After charging, allow WBCs to settle in hemocytometer for ___ minutes
5 (or 10) minutes
Most commonly used dilution for WBC count
1:20
Dilution used when WBC count is <3.0 x 10^9/L
1:10 (or 1:11)
Dilution used when WBC count is >30.0 x 10^9/L
1:100 (or 1:101)
Dilution used when WBC count is between 100-300 x 10^9/L
1:200 (or 1:201)
WBC count is <1.0 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
50
WBC count is >40 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
200
WBC count is 100 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
300-400
WBC count should be corrected when there are how many nRBCs present
5 (or 10)
Life span of RBC
120 days
Average diameter of RBCs
6-8 um (or 7.2 um)
Size of microcytic RBCs
<6 um
How many hours does a neutrophil stay in the peripheral blood
7 hours
Life span of neutrophils
5 days
Maturation time of eosinophils
3.5 days
Half-life of eosinophil in the blood
8 (or 18) hours
Maturation time of basophils
7 days
Average diameter of platelets
2.5 um
Standard dilution for platelet count
1:100
Dilution if <50 platelets are counted on each side of hemacytometer
1:20
Dilution if >500 platelets are counted on each side of hemacytometer
1:200
After charging, allow platelets to settle in hemocytometer for ___ minutes
15 minutes
Area of square used for counting platelets using ammonium oxalate
1 mm^2
Number of platelets per OIF when doing platelet estimate
8-20
Factor used when doing a platelet estimate in the peripheral blood smear
20,000
Normal value for MPV
7.0 to 12.0 fL
Normal value for PDW
<20%
Normal template bleeding time
6-10 minutes
In DIC, D-dimer test will be positive after how many hours
4 hours
Specimens for PT and APTT must be centrifuged within
1 hour
Reference range for PTT
25 - 35 seconds
Reference range for PT
12.6 - 14.6 seconds
Reference range for thrombin time
21 seconds or less than
INR for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS and myocardial infarction
2.0 to 3.0
INR for patients with PROSTHETIC HEART VALVES
2.5 to 3.5
INR for patients with PULMONARY EMBOLISM
3.0
Peripheral blood smear should be __________ the length of the slide
2/3 to 3/4
The shape of blood smear should be
Finger-shaped
Pressure in THICK smear should be
Decreased
Pressure in THIN smear should be
Increased
Angle, size of blood, speed of spreader in the THICK smear should be
Increased
Angle, size of blood, speed of spreader in the THIN smear should be
Decreased
Too pale or red RBCs and barely visible WBCs is caused by
Too acidic buffer or stain
Gray RBCs and too dark WBCs is caused by
Too alkaline buffer or stain
Holes in the smear means that
There is a dirt or grease on the slide
“Snowplow” effect on a blood smear must be examined using what objective
LPO
Tube layers of spun hematocrit
Fatty layer (top)
Plasma (2nd layer)
Buffy coat (3rd layer)
Packed RBCs (4th layer)
Clay (5th layer)
Wax (6th layer)
Cell cycle phase: Resting phase
Gap 0 (G0)
Cell cycle phase: Ready for DNA SYNTHESIS
Gap 1 (G1)
Cell cycle phase: DNA REPLICATION
Synthesis (S)
Cell cycle phase: Ready for CELL DIVISION
Gap 2 (G2)
Cell cycle phase: Ready to COMPLETE DIVISION
Mitosis (M)
Duration of Synthesis
8 (or 7.5) hours
Duration of Gap 2
4 (or 3.5) hours
KIT ligand, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, INTERLEUKINS 1, 3, 6, 11 has (positive/negative) influence on HSC stem cells and progenitors
Positive
Transforming growth factor-B, TNF-a, INTERFERONS has (positive/negative) influence on HSC stem cells and progenitors
Negative
Erythroid with a “WHEEL SPOKE” pattern of chromatin
Basophilic normoblast
Cell with a nucleus having “CHECKERBOARD” appearance
Polychromatic normoblast
Most reliable criterion to differentiate mature from immature cell
Nuclear chromatin
Embryonic Hemoglobins
Gower I
Gower II
Portland
Normal hemoglobins
HbF
HbA
HbA2
Abnormal hemoglobins
Bart
HbH
2 zeta, 2 epsilon
Gower I
2 alpha 2 epsilon
Gower II
2 zeta 2 gamma
Portland
2 alpha 2 GAMMA
HbF
2 alpha 2 BETA
HbA
2 alpha 2 DELTA
HbA2
4 gamma
Bart
4 beta
HbH
Hemoglobin solubility test / Dithionite test is a screening test for
Hemoglobin S
Dithionite test reagents
Sodium hydrosulfite (dithionite), saponin, filter paper
Dithionite test principle
Reduction
Positive result for dithionite test
Solution becomes turbid (black lines cannot be seen)
Negative result for dithionite test
Solution remains clear (black lines are visible)
Conditions with INCREASED ESR
*Macro HAM High VREeD
Macrocytosis
Hyperfibrinogenemia
Anemia
Multiple myeloma
High room temperature
Vibration
Refrigerated sample (not returned to room temp)
DM
Spur/thorn cell
Acanthocyte
Punched-out cell
Anulocyte
Target/mexican hat cell/leptocyte
Codocyte
Teardrop/pear-shaped cell
Dacryocyte