Clinical Microscopy Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Yellow quadrant in NFPA
A
Reactivity / stability hazard
2
Q
White quadrant in NFPA
A
Specific hazard
3
Q
Blue quadrant in NFPA
A
Health hazard
4
Q
Red quadrant in NFPA
A
Flammability hazard
5
Q
Yellow quadrant classification
A
*SUVSM
0 - Stable
1 - Unstable
2 - Violent
3 - Shock
4 - May detonate
6
Q
OXY
A
Oxidizer
7
Q
COR
A
Corrosive
8
Q
Blue quadrant classification
A
*NSHED
0 - Normal
1 - Slight hazard
2 - Hazardous
3 - Extreme danger
4 - Deadly
9
Q
Red quadrant flash point
A
*WABBB
0 - Will not burn
1 - Above 200F
2 - Below 200F
3 - Below 100F
4 - Below 73F
10
Q
Degree of hazards (hazard index)
A
*No SMS Ex
0 - No / minimal hazard
1 - Slight hazard
2 - Moderate hazard
3 - Serious hazard
4 - Extreme / severe hazard
11
Q
Type of extinguisher for ordinary combustibles
A
Water
12
Q
Ordinary combustibles such as paper, cloth, plastics, and wood are what type of fire hazard
A
Type A
13
Q
Flammable liquids such as gasoline, paints, and oils are what type of fire hazard
A
Type B
14
Q
Electrical equipment belongs to what type of fire hazard
A
Type C
15
Q
Best extinguisher for Type C fires
A
Halon
16
Q
Best extinguisher for Type D fire
A
Sand
17
Q
Detonation / arsenal fire belongs to what type of fire hazard
A
Type E
18
Q
RACE
A
Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish / Evacuate
19
Q
PASS
A
Pull the pin
Aim at the base of the fire
Squeeze the nozzle
Sweep side to side
20
Q
Placing bleach solution directly on urine spills may produce
A
Chlorine gas fumes
21
Q
Most important part of handwashing
A
Friction
22
Q
Wash fingers for at least
A
15 to 20 seconds
23
Q
Wash hands in _____ position
A
Downward
24
Q
Last step in handwashing
A
Turn off faucets
25
Variables in Cockgroft and Gault formula
Age, Body weight (kg) and Sex
26
Variables on MDRD Formula
BUN, Ethnicity, Serum Albumin
27
When do changes in physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine begin to occur
As soon as urine is voided
28
In Stamey-Mears test, what is placed in VB2
Midstream urine
29
Step by step documentation of handling and testing of legal specimen
Chain of custody
30
Urine volume required for drug testing
30 - 45 mL
31
In drug testing, urine temperature range of 32.5 - 37.7 must be maintained within
4 minutes
32
Added to toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration
Blueing agent
33
If urine temperature for drug testing is out of range what to do
Record and contact the supervisor immediately
34
Carotene causes what urine color
Dark yellow to amber
35
Phenazopyridine causes what urine color
Orange
36
Phenol and indican causes what urine color
Blue-green
37
Pink, red urine is caused by
RBCs (cloudy red); Hemoglobin (clear red)
38
Fuchsin and Rifampin causes what urine color
Pink, red
39
Porphyrins. What urine color
Portwine / burgundy / purplish-red
40
Brown / black urine is due to
Methemoglobin, homogentisic acid, melanin
41
Increase WBCs lead to what urine color
Milky white
42
No visible particulates, transparent
Clear
43
Few particulates, print EASILY seen through the urine
Hazy
44
Many particulates, print BLURRED through the urine
Cloudy
45
Print CANNOT be seen through the urine
Turbid
46
May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
47
Seen in acidic urine
Amorphous urates, radiographic contrast media
48
Seen in alkaline urine
Amorphous urates, carbonates
49
Soluble with heat
Amorphous urates, uric acid crystals
50
SOLUBLE in dilute acetic acid
RBC, amorphous phosphates, carbonates
51
INSOLUBLE in dilute acetic acid
WBCs, bacteria, yeast, spermatozoa
52
Soluble in ether
Lipids, lymphatic fluid, chyle
53
Milky urine from a 24-year old woman would most likely contain
WBCs
54
Cloudy urine following meals is most likely caused by
Amorphous phosphates (alkaline tide)
55
Urine component normally found in children
Fuschin
56
Reagent strip principle of Bilirubin
Diazo reaction
57
Reagent strip principle of ketones
Sodium nitroprusside reaction (Legal's test)
58
Reagent strip principle of glucose
Double sequential enzyme reaction
59
Reagent strip principle of specific gravity
pKa change of polyelectrolyte
60
Reagent strip principle of Proteins
Protein (Sorensen's) error of indicators
61
Reagent strip principle of pH
Double indicator system
62
Reagent strip principle of blood
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
63
Reagent strip principle of Urobilinogen
Ehrlich reaction
64
Reagent strip principle of Nitrite
Greiss reaction
65
Reagent strip principle of Leukocytes
Leukocyte esterase
66
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt is a multistix reagent used for
Bilirubin
67
Tetrabromphenol, citrate buffer at 3.0 is a multistix and chemstrip reagent used for
Protein
68
4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafkuoroborate is a chemstrip reagent used for
Urobilinogen
69
P-arsanilic acid, tetrahydrobenzo(H)-quinolin-3-ol is a multistix reagent used for
Nitrite
70
Indoxylcarbonic acid ester, diazonium salt is a multistix reagent used for
Leukocytes
71
Positive color of bilirubin reagent strip
Pink to violet
72
Negative color of protein reagent strip
Yellow
73
Uniform green/blue color of blood reagent strip indicates
Hemoglobin/myoglobin
74
Positive color of nitire reagent strip
Uniform pink
75
Positive color of leukocyte reagent strip
Purple
76
Positive color of ketones reagent strip
Purple
77
Sensitivity of protein chemstrip
5 mg/dL
78
Sensitivity of glucose multistix
100 mg/dL
79
Sensitivity of bilirubin multistix
0.4 to 0.8 mg/dL
80
Sensitivity of specific gravity multistix and chemstrip
1.000 to 1.030
81
High SG causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on protein
False-positive
82
Oxidizing agents and detergent causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on glucose
False-positive
83
Low temperature causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on glucose
False-negative
84
P-aminosalicylic acid causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on urobilinogen
False-positive
85
Formalin causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on urobilinogen
False-negative
86
Improperly preserved specimen causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on nitrite
False-positive
87
Non-reductase containing bacteria causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on nitrite
False-negative
88
Large quantities of bacteria converting nitrite to nitrogen causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on nitrite
False-negative
89
High SG causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on nitrite
False-negative
90
Formalin causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on leukocytes
False-positive
91
Trichomonas causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on leukocytes
False-positive
92
Protein causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on leukocytes
False-negative
93
Antibiotics causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on leukocytes
False-negative
94
Ascorbic acid causes (false-positive/false-negative) results on leukocytes
False-negative
95
Reagent strip reading of <30 mg/dL protein
Trace
96
Reagent strip reading of 30 mg/dL protein
1+
97
Reagent strip reading of 0.5% (500 mg/dL) glucose
2+
98
SSA reading: Distinct turbidity with no granulation
1+
99
SSA grading: Turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation
1+
100
SSA grading: Turbidity with granulation AND flocculation
3+
101
SSA grading: Clumps pf protein
4+
102
SSA grading: 30-100 mg/dL
1+
103
SSA grading: 100-200 mg/dL
2+
104
SSA grading: Approximately 50 mg/dL
1+
105
Radiographic contrast media causes (false-positive/false-negative) interference on SSA reaction
False-positive
106
Tolbutamide and penicillins causes (false-positive/false-negative) interference on SSA reaction
False-positive
107
Highly buffered alkaline urine causes (false-positive/false-negative) interference on SSA reaction
False-negative
108
Normal albumin excretion rate
0-20 ug/min
109
Albumin excretion rate for microalbuminuria
20-200 ug/min
110
Clinical albuminuria AER
>300 mg/day
111
Bluish-green color in Benedict's test
Trace
112
Green color, green or yellow precipitate on Benedict's test
1+
113
Yellow-orange color, yellow-orange precipitate on Benedict's test
3+
114
5-20 normal crystals seen in urine. How to report
Moderate
115
0-10 bacteria seen in urine. How to report
Rare
116
10-50 bacteria seen in urine. How to report
Few
117
Reporting for squamous epithelial cells
RFMoMa / LPF
118
Reporting for transitional epithelial cells
RFMoMa / HPF
119
Reporting for renal tubular epithelial cells
Average per 10 HPFs
120
Reporting for oval fat bodies
Average per HPF
121
Reporting for abnormal crystals and casts
Average per LPF
122
Appearance of leukocytes in Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Pale pink
123
Appearance of "glitter" cells in Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Pale blue
124
Appearance of hyaline casts/waxy casts in Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Pale pink (or may not stain at all)
125
Appearance of Trichomonas in Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Pale blue
126
Sternheimer-Malbin stain is commercially known as
Kova stain or sedi-stain
127
What is the clinical significance of a cylindroid
Same as cast
128
Color of uric acid and cystine
Uric acid = yellow-brown
Cystine = colorless
129
Birefringent hexagonal uric acid crystal
Uric acid
130
Non birefringent hexagonal crystal (weak if crystal is thick)
Cystine
131
Elevated in congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Uroporphyrin
132
Major constituent of renal calculi; VERY HARD, dark in color with rough surface
Calcium oxalate
133
Yellowish to brownish red and MODERATELY HARD calculi
Uric acid and urate
134
Calculi described as yellow-brown, GREASY and resembles an old soap
Cystine
135
Least common (least frequently encountered) calculi
Cystine
136
Branching or staghorn calculi resembling antlers of a deer
Triple phosphate
137
Pale and friable renal calculi
Phosphate
138
Acceptable squamous epithelial cell for sputum sample
<10/lpf
139
Acceptable WBC for sputum sample
>25/lpf
140
Appearance of undiluted CSF
Clear
141
Appearance of diluted CSF with 1:10 dilution
Slightly hazy
142
Appearance of diluted CSF with 1:100 dilution
Slightly cloudy
143
Appearance of diluted CSF with 1:200 (or 1:20) dilution
Cloudy
144
Appearance of diluted CSF with 1:200 dilution
Slightly bloody
145
Appearance of diluted CSF with 1:10,000 diltution
Bloody/turbid
146
In 3 CSF tube collection, CSF tube 1 is for
Chemistry/serology
147
In 3 CSF tube collection, CSF tube 2 is for
Microbiology
148
In 3 CSF tube collection, CSF tube 3 is for
Hematology (for cell count)
149
In 3 CSF tube collection, CSF tube 4 may be given to
Serology (or Microbiology)
150
CSF specimen storage
Room temperature = CM
37C = Microbiology
151
1 CSF tube collection pattern
Microbiology ➡️ Hematology ➡️ Chemistry/Serology
152
Physical examination of CSF sample may be done using tube no.
3
153
UNEVEN distribution of blood on 3 tubes
Traumatic tap
154
EVEN distribution of blood on 3 tubes
Intracranial hemorrhage
155
TT vs. IH: WITH clot formation
Traumatic tap
156
TT vs. IH: NO clot formation
Intracranial hemorrhage
157
TT vs. IH: D-dimer positive
Intracranial hemorrhage
158
Oligoclonal banding in CSF but not in serum
*MS NENG
Multiple Sclerosis
Neurosyphilis
Encephalitis
Neoplastic disorders
Guillain-Barre syndrome
159
Oligoclonal banding in SERUM but not in CSF
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Viral infections
160
Oligoclonal banding in BOTH serum and CSF
HIV
161
Sperm concentration formula
(No. of sperms x dilution factor) / (total area of square x depth factor)
162
Sperm count formula
Sperm concentration x specimen volume
163
Round cell count formula (spermatid count)
(No. of spermatids x sperm concentration) / 100
164
Viscosity graded as 0
Watery
165
Sperm motility grading: Rapid, straight-line motility
4.0 (a)
166
Sperm motility grading: Slower speed, some lateral movement
3.0 (b)
167
Sperm motility grading: Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement
2.0 (b)
168
Sperm motility grading: No forward progression
1.0 (c)
169
Sperm motility grading: No movement
0 (d)
170
Acrosomal cap size
1/2 of head
2/3 of nucleus
171
Size of sperm head
3 um x 5 um
172
Size of sperm neck
7 um
173
Size of sperm tail
45 um
174
Smoking and drinking alcohol would cause _____ in sperm count
Decrease
175
Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle
Progressive
176
Sperm with an absence of progression
Nonprogressive
177
Sperm with decreased motility with normal count has a possible abnormality in
Viability (vitality)
178
Sperm with decreased motility with clumping has a possible abnormality in
Male antisperm antibodies
179
Eosin-nigrosin stain is a test used for
Sperm viability
180
Synovial fluid in a plain red top tube (no anticoagulant) is used for
Chemical (or immunologic) evaluation
181
Synovial fluid in a plain red top tube (with sodium fluoride) is used for
Glucose analysis
182
Synovial fluid in a liquid EDTA is used for
Hematology / cell count (microscopic examinations)
183
Powdered anticoagulants and _____ interfere with crystal identification in a synovial fluid specimen
Lithium heparin
184
Synovial fluid in a sterile anticoagulant tube is used for
Microbiological studies
185
Joint disorder findings: <1,000 / uL WBC count.
Non-inflammatory (I)
186
Joint disorder findings: Cloudy yellow color, positive in autoantibodies
Immunologic Inflammatory (IIa)
187
Joint disorder findings: Cloudy red color, positive for RBCs
Hemorrhagic (IV)
188
Joint disorder findings: Milky specimen, positive for crystals
Crystal-induced inflammatory (IIb)
189
Joint disorder findings: Cloudy yellow green color, positive for culture and gram stain
Septic (III)
190
Milky pleural fluid with >110 mg/dL triglycerides
Chylous effusion
191
Milky pleural fluid positive in Sudan III staining
Chylous effusion
192
Milky pleural fluid with <50 mg/dL triglycerides
Pseudochylous effusion
193
O.D. 650
Fetal lung maturity
194
O.D. 450
HDN
195
Neural tube defects
Alpha-fetoprotein
Acetylcholinesterase
196
Principle of home-based pregnancy test kits
Enzyme immunoassay
197
Effect of proteinuria on urine pregnancy test result
False-positive
198
Effect of dilute urine on pregnancy test kit result
False-negative
199
Normal stool color
Brown
200
Brown stool is due to
Urobilin / stercobilin
201
Black stool is due to
Upper GI bleeding
Ferrous sulfate
Charcoal
Bismuth
202
Black tarry stool
Melena
203
Gray stool is due to
Barium sulfate
204
Pancreatic disorders, bile duct obstruction, steatorrhea causes _____ stool
Frothy
205
Ribbon-like stool is due to
Intestinal constriction
206
Rice watery stool
Cholera
207
Reagents used in Split fat stain
36% acetic acid and Sudan III
208
Reagents used in the Neutral fat stain
95% ethanol and Sudan III
209
Disinfection of centrifuge is performed
Weekly
210
Calibration of centrifuge is done every
3 months (quarterly)
211
Devices used for centrifuge calibration
Tachometer
Stopwatch
Strobe light
212
Principle used by automated strip readers
Reflectance photometry
213
Volume required by Yellow IRIS instrument
2 mL
214
Principle (s) applied in the mechanism of the slideless automated instrument for urine microscope
Fluorescence
Impedance
Light scatter
215
How can bacteria be quantitated using automated slideless urinalysis analyzers
Use of histogram and scattergram
216
How many categories are used in iQ200 for classification of urine sediment particles
12
217
Measurement principle of semi-automated urine chemistry analyzer
Reflectance photometry
