Hematology Flashcards
(287 cards)
1
Q
Venipuncture order of draw
A
Yellow (SPS, blood culture tubes)
Light Blue (sodium citrate)
Red (serum with or without gel separator)
Green (heparin)
Lavender (EDTA)
Gray (sodium fluoride or oxalate)
2
Q
Skin puncture order of draw
A
Tube for blood gas analysis
Slides
EDTA microcollection tube
Other microcollection tubes
Serum microcollection tubes
3
Q
Tourniquet is wrapped around the arm about _____ above the selected site
A
3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm)
4
Q
Tourniquet should not remain on the arm for longer than
A
1 min (or 2 mins)
5
Q
Length of needle used in phlebotomy
A
1 (to 1.5) inch
6
Q
Needle angle for venipuncture
A
15 (to 30) degrees, bevel up
7
Q
Most common needle size and length for adult venipuncture
A
Gauge 21, 1 inch
8
Q
Needle gauge for PEDIATRIC phlebotomy
A
Gauge 23 (or 22)
9
Q
Needle gauge for bleeding donors
A
Gauge 16
10
Q
Needle gauge for TUBERCULIN syringe
A
Gauge 25
11
Q
Needle gauge for TRANSFER of blood from syringe to tube
A
Gauge 19
12
Q
Size of BLOOD DROP for smear preparation
A
2-3 mm
13
Q
Distance of blood drop from the frosted edge of the slide
A
1 cm (0.25 inch)
14
Q
Distance where smears terminates near the end of slide (automated spreader)
A
0.5 inch
15
Q
Angle between 2 slides when making blood smear
A
30-45 degrees
16
Q
Slide angle for blood smear preparation if patient has POLYCYTHEMIA
A
25 degrees (decrease)
17
Q
Size of square coverslip
A
22 x 22 mm
18
Q
Wintrobe tube length
A
115 mm
19
Q
Wintrobe tube bore
A
3 mm
20
Q
Wintrobe tube is graduated at
A
0-100 mm
21
Q
Length of capillary tube
A
7.0-7.5 cm (70-75mm)
22
Q
Bore of capillary tube
A
1.0 (or 1.2) mm
23
Q
Thickness pf clayseal in microhematocrit tube
A
4-6 mm
24
Q
Centrifugation speed and time for microhematocrit method
A
10,000-15,000g for 5 mins
25
Microhematocrit tubes should be read within how many minutes
10 minutes after centrifugation
26
Trapped plasma increases hematocrit reading by how much
1-3%
27
Coefficient of variation for most hematology tests should be
<5%
28
Marks seen on a Thoma WBC pipet
0.5, 1, 11
29
Marks seen on a Thoma RBC pipet
0.5, 1, 101
30
Total are of the Levy chamber
9mm^2
31
Patient has a normal RBC count. How many RBCs will be seen per OIF
200-250
32
Dilution for RBC count using automated counting instrument
1:50,000
33
Factor used when performing WBC estimate using OIO
3,000
34
Factor used when performing WBC estimate using HPO
2,000
35
After charging, allow WBCs to settle in hemocytometer for ___ minutes
5 (or 10) minutes
36
Most commonly used dilution for WBC count
1:20
37
Dilution used when WBC count is <3.0 x 10^9/L
1:10 (or 1:11)
38
Dilution used when WBC count is >30.0 x 10^9/L
1:100 (or 1:101)
39
Dilution used when WBC count is between 100-300 x 10^9/L
1:200 (or 1:201)
40
WBC count is <1.0 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
50
41
WBC count is >40 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
200
42
WBC count is 100 x 10^9/L, how many WBCs are counted in the differential
300-400
43
WBC count should be corrected when there are how many nRBCs present
5 (or 10)
44
Life span of RBC
120 days
45
Average diameter of RBCs
6-8 um (or 7.2 um)
46
Size of microcytic RBCs
<6 um
47
How many hours does a neutrophil stay in the peripheral blood
7 hours
48
Life span of neutrophils
5 days
49
Maturation time of eosinophils
3.5 days
50
Half-life of eosinophil in the blood
8 (or 18) hours
51
Maturation time of basophils
7 days
52
Average diameter of platelets
2.5 um
53
Standard dilution for platelet count
1:100
54
Dilution if <50 platelets are counted on each side of hemacytometer
1:20
55
Dilution if >500 platelets are counted on each side of hemacytometer
1:200
56
After charging, allow platelets to settle in hemocytometer for ___ minutes
15 minutes
57
Area of square used for counting platelets using ammonium oxalate
1 mm^2
58
Number of platelets per OIF when doing platelet estimate
8-20
59
Factor used when doing a platelet estimate in the peripheral blood smear
20,000
60
Normal value for MPV
7.0 to 12.0 fL
61
Normal value for PDW
<20%
62
Normal template bleeding time
6-10 minutes
63
In DIC, D-dimer test will be positive after how many hours
4 hours
64
Specimens for PT and APTT must be centrifuged within
1 hour
65
Reference range for PTT
25 - 35 seconds
66
Reference range for PT
12.6 - 14.6 seconds
67
Reference range for thrombin time
21 seconds or less than
68
INR for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS and myocardial infarction
2.0 to 3.0
69
INR for patients with PROSTHETIC HEART VALVES
2.5 to 3.5
70
INR for patients with PULMONARY EMBOLISM
3.0
71
Peripheral blood smear should be __________ the length of the slide
2/3 to 3/4
72
The shape of blood smear should be
Finger-shaped
73
Pressure in THICK smear should be
Decreased
74
Pressure in THIN smear should be
Increased
75
Angle, size of blood, speed of spreader in the THICK smear should be
Increased
76
Angle, size of blood, speed of spreader in the THIN smear should be
Decreased
77
Too pale or red RBCs and barely visible WBCs is caused by
Too acidic buffer or stain
78
Gray RBCs and too dark WBCs is caused by
Too alkaline buffer or stain
79
Holes in the smear means that
There is a dirt or grease on the slide
80
"Snowplow" effect on a blood smear must be examined using what objective
LPO
81
Tube layers of spun hematocrit
Fatty layer (top)
Plasma (2nd layer)
Buffy coat (3rd layer)
Packed RBCs (4th layer)
Clay (5th layer)
Wax (6th layer)
82
Cell cycle phase: Resting phase
Gap 0 (G0)
83
Cell cycle phase: Ready for DNA SYNTHESIS
Gap 1 (G1)
84
Cell cycle phase: DNA REPLICATION
Synthesis (S)
85
Cell cycle phase: Ready for CELL DIVISION
Gap 2 (G2)
86
Cell cycle phase: Ready to COMPLETE DIVISION
Mitosis (M)
87
Duration of Synthesis
8 (or 7.5) hours
88
Duration of Gap 2
4 (or 3.5) hours
89
KIT ligand, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, INTERLEUKINS 1, 3, 6, 11 has (positive/negative) influence on HSC stem cells and progenitors
Positive
90
Transforming growth factor-B, TNF-a, INTERFERONS has (positive/negative) influence on HSC stem cells and progenitors
Negative
91
Erythroid with a "WHEEL SPOKE" pattern of chromatin
Basophilic normoblast
92
Cell with a nucleus having "CHECKERBOARD" appearance
Polychromatic normoblast
93
Most reliable criterion to differentiate mature from immature cell
Nuclear chromatin
94
Embryonic Hemoglobins
Gower I
Gower II
Portland
95
Normal hemoglobins
HbF
HbA
HbA2
96
Abnormal hemoglobins
Bart
HbH
97
2 zeta, 2 epsilon
Gower I
98
2 alpha 2 epsilon
Gower II
99
2 zeta 2 gamma
Portland
100
2 alpha 2 GAMMA
HbF
101
2 alpha 2 BETA
HbA
102
2 alpha 2 DELTA
HbA2
103
4 gamma
Bart
104
4 beta
HbH
105
Hemoglobin solubility test / Dithionite test is a screening test for
Hemoglobin S
106
Dithionite test reagents
Sodium hydrosulfite (dithionite), saponin, filter paper
107
Dithionite test principle
Reduction
108
Positive result for dithionite test
Solution becomes turbid (black lines cannot be seen)
109
Negative result for dithionite test
Solution remains clear (black lines are visible)
110
Conditions with INCREASED ESR
*Macro HAM High VREeD
Macrocytosis
Hyperfibrinogenemia
Anemia
Multiple myeloma
High room temperature
Vibration
Refrigerated sample (not returned to room temp)
DM
111
Spur/thorn cell
Acanthocyte
112
Punched-out cell
Anulocyte
113
Target/mexican hat cell/leptocyte
Codocyte
114
Teardrop/pear-shaped cell
Dacryocyte
115
Bite cell
Degmacyte
116
Sickle cell/menisocyte
Drepanocyte
117
Burr cell/sea urchin/crenated cell
Echinocyte
118
Rod/cigar-shaped cell
Elliptocyte
119
Helmet cell
Keratocyte
120
Ball/bronze cell
Spherocyte
121
Mouth cell
Stomatocyte
122
Half moon/crescent cell
Semi-lunar bodies
123
Neutrophil granules formed during PROMYELOCYTE stage
Primary (azurophilic)
124
Neutrophil granules formed during MYELOCYTE stage
Secondary (specific)
125
Neutrophil granules formed during METAMYELOCYTE and BAND stages
Tertiary
126
MYELOPEROXIDASE is seen in what neutrophil granules
Primary (azurophilic)
127
LYSOZYME is seen in what neutrophil granules
Tertiary
128
Primary granules of EOSINOPHILS consists of
Charcot-Leyden crystal protein
129
Catalase and elastase are seen in what eosinophil granules
Small lysosomal granules
130
CYCLOOXIGENASE is seen in what type of eosinophil granules
Lipid bodies
131
Eosinophil granules that CARRIES PROTEIN from secondary granules to be released into the extracellular medium
Storage vesicles
132
Basophil granules that carries histamine, platelet-activating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and chondroitin sulfates
Secondary granules
133
Not an obligate end cell
Lymphocyte
134
Most fragile blood cell
Lymphocyte
135
DECREASED NUCLEAR SEGMENTATION in neutrophils
Pelger-Huet anomaly
136
GIANT LYSOSOMAL GRANULES in granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Chediak-Higashi disease
137
Thrombocytopenia, GIANT PLATELETS, pale blue inclusion and LARGE Dohle body-like inclusions in WBCs
May-Hegglin anomaly
138
Presence of PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
139
INCREASED LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) is seen in what condition
PV (polycythemia vera)
140
DECREASED LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) is seen in what condition
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
141
Transforms into ACUTE LEUKEMIA
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
142
Acute UNDIFFERENTIATED leukemia
M0
143
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) WITHOUT maturation
M1
144
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) WITH maturation
M2
145
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
M3
146
APL associated with DIC and numerous FAGGOT CELLS
M3
147
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) also known as Naegeli's leukemia
M4
148
Acute monoblastic leukemia (AMoL) WITHOUT maturation
M5a
149
Acute monoblastic leukemia (AMoL) WITH maturation
M5b
150
Erythroleukemia / Di Guglielmo's syndrome
M6
151
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMegL)
M7
152
Acute basophilic leukemia
M8
153
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with SMALL, HOMOGENOUS cell and SCANTY cytoplasm
L1
154
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with LARGE, HETEROGENOUS cell and LARGE nucleoli
L2
155
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with LARGE, HOMOGENOUS cell and PROMINENT cytoplasmic vacuolation
L3 / Burkitt Type
156
Cottage loaf nucleus
M3
157
Both myeloid and monocytic cells are present; at least 20% of the total leukocytes
M4
158
Erythroid and granulocytic precursors; megakaryocytic and monocytic proliferations
M6
159
UNDIFFERENTIATED leukemia
Stem cell leukemia
160
POORLY differentiated leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
161
WELL differentiated leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
162
Solid tumor counterpart of myeloma
Plasma cell leukemia
163
PPE for enteric isolation
Gloves and gown
164
PPE for protective isolation
Gown, gloves, mask
165
An example of conditions that requires protective isolation
Leukemia
166
Sheep RBC receptor, (+) E rosette assay
CD2
167
Helper T cell
CD4
168
Also known as CALLA (common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen)
CD10
169
NK cells marker
CD 16, CD 56
170
Hematopoietic stem cells marker
CD34
171
Platelet structure that consists of surface coat (glycocalyx) and is responsible for ADHESION and AGGREGATION
Peripheral zone
172
Platelet structure that MAINTAINS THE POSITION of the organelles
Sol-Gel Zone
173
Sol-Gel Zone that is composed of ACTIN AND MYOSIN to form actomyosin / thrombosthenin
Microfilaments
174
Sol-Gel Zone that is composed of TUBULIN which maintains platelet's discoid SHAPE
Microtubules
175
A contractile protein important in CLOT RETRACTION
Thrombosthenin
176
Platelet structure that is composed of dense granules, alpha-granules, lysosomes and mitochondria
Organelle zone
177
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage with INDENTED nucleus
MK-II (promegakaryocyte)
178
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage with MULTILOBED nucleus
MK-III (megakaryocyte)
179
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage with a VARIABLE nucleoli
MK-II (promegakaryocyte)
180
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage with MODERATELY condensed chromatin
MK-II (promegakaryocyte)
181
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage with DEEPLY but VARIABLY condensed chromatin
MK-III
182
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage where ENDOMITOSIS ENDS
MK II (promegakaryocyte)
183
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage where there is NO ENDOMITOSIS
MK-III (megakaryocyte)
184
Megakaryocytic differentiation stage that has an EOSINOPHILIC and GRANULAR cytoplasm
MK-III (megakaryocyte)
185
Present in ALL megakaryocytic differentiation stages (MK-I, MK-II, MK-III)
Alpha and dense granules, demarcation system
186
Associated with endomitosis
Thrombocytes
187
Acquired platelet dysfunctions
*LUPA
Liver disease
Uremia
Pernicious anemia
Aspirin (drugs)
188
Hereditary platelet dysfunctions
von Willebrand disease
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Thrombasthenia (Glanzmann's, essential)
189
Factor I
Fibrinogen
190
Factor II
Prothrombin
191
Factor III
Tissue factor
192
Factor IV
Calcium
193
Factor V
Labile factor / Proaccelerin
194
Factor VII
Stable factor / Proconvertin
195
Factor VIII
Anti-hemophilic factor A
196
Factor IX
PTC (plasma thromboplastin component) / Anti-hemophilic factor B / Christmas factor
197
Factor X
Stuart factor
198
Factor XI
PTA (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) / Anti-hemophilic factor C
199
Factor XII
Hageman factor / Contact factor
200
Factor XIII
Fibrin stabilizing factor / Laki-Lorand factor
201
PK
Prekallikrein / Fletcher factor
202
HMWK
Fitzgerald factor
203
Prothrombin (PT) group
II, VII, IX, X
204
Fibrinogen group
I, V, VIII, XIII
205
Contact group
XI, XII, PK, HMWK
206
Calcium dependent, Vitamin K DEPENDENT *dede
Prothrombin group (II, VII, IX, X)
207
Calcium INdependent, vitamin K INdependent
Contact group (XI, XII, PK, HMWK)
208
Calcium dependent, vitamin K INDEPENDENT
Fibrinogen group (I, V, VIII, XIII)
209
Completely consumed during coagulation
Fibrinogen group (I, V, VIII, XIII)
210
First coagulation factor affected by COUMARIN
Factor VII
(VII ➡️ IX ➡️ X ➡️ 2)
211
Factor VIII:C
Factor VIII procoagulant activity
212
Initial vWD workup
CBC, PT, APTT
213
Deficiencies of factors II, V, VII, X ; prolonged clotting time. What test
Prothrombin time (PT)
214
Deficiencies of ALL factors EXCEPT VII, XIII ; prolonged clotting time. What test
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
215
PT reagent composition
Thromboplastin + phospholipids + calcium chloride
216
APTT reagent composition
Activator + phospholipid
217
How many uL of PT reagent
200 uL
218
PROLONGED (PT), PROLONGED (APTT) , PROLONGED (CT)
Fibrinogen
219
PROLONGED (PT), PROLONGED (APTT) , NORMAL (CT)
II, V, X
220
PROLONGED (PT), NORMAL (APTT) , NORMAL (CT)
VII
221
NORMAL (PT), PROLONGED (APTT) , NORMAL (CT)
VIII, IX, XI
222
NORMAL (PT), NORMAL (APTT) , NORMAL (CT)
XIII
223
Platelet size threshold
2-20 fL
224
High-angle forward scatter, 5-15 degrees
Technicon Angle 2
225
Instrument POSITIVE errors
Bubbles in the sample
Electrical pulses
Aperture plugs
226
Instrument NEGATIVE error
Excessive lysing of RBCs
227
Giant platelets may be counted as
RBC or WBC
228
Increased number of _____ makes accurate RBC and platelet count imposible
Schistocytes
229
Agglutinated __________ may cause false-POSITIVE LEUKOCYTE counts
RBCs or platelets
230
When 2 cells pass through an orifice simultaneously and counted as 1 cell, it is called
Coincidence
231
Semi-automated coagulation instrument
Fibrometer
KC4 Delta
STart4
232
Automated coagulation instrument
MDA, AMAX, STA-R, BCR, ACL
233
Endpoint in electromechanical clot detection systems
Clot formation via clotting time
234
Parameter affected by cold agglutinins
Decrease RBC, Increased MCV and MCHC
235
Corrective action for cold agglutinins
Warm specimen to 37C and rerun
236
Parameters affected if specimen is lipemic / icteric
Increase hemoglobin and MCH
237
Parameters affected if specimen is hemolyzed
Decrease RBC and hematocrit
238
Parameters affected in the presence of microcytes / schistocytes
Increase platelets, decrease RBC
239
Parameters affected in the presence of nucleated RBCs and megakaryocyte
Increase WBCs
240
Parameters affected if there is a presence of platelet clumps
Decrease platelets, increase WBC
241
What is the corrective action for platelet clumps
Redraw specimen in SODIUM CITRATE, multiply result by 1.1
242
Aggregates of 3-4 RBCs. What rouleaux grading
1+
243
Aggregates of 5-10 RBCs. What rouleaux grading
2+
244
Numerous aggregates with few free RBCs. What grading
3+
245
1-2 RBC chains PER FIELD. What rouleaux grading
Slight
246
3-4 RBC chains PER FIELD. What rouleaux grading
Moderate
247
5 or more RBC chains PER FIELD. What rouleaux grading
Marked
248
Polychromasia grading of 1%
Slight
249
Polychromasia grading of 3%
1+
250
Polychromasia grading of 5%
2+
251
Polychromasia grading of 10%
3+
252
Polychromasia grading of >11%
4+
253
Macrocytosis grading of 25%
1+ (slight)
254
Macrocytosis grading of 25-50%
2+ to 3+ (moderate)
255
Macrocytosis grading of >50%
4+ (marked)
256
1/3 of the cell diameter. What hypochromia grading
Normal
257
1/2 of the cell diameter. What hypochromia grading
1+
258
2/3 of the cell diameter. What hypochromia grading
2+
259
3/4 of the cell diameter. What hypochromia grading
3+
260
Thin rim of hemoglobin / ANULOCYTE. What hypochromia grading
4+
261
>2/3 of the cell diameter. What hypochromia grading
2+ to 3+ (moderate)
262
150,000 - 199,000 / uL platelet estimate
Low normal
263
100,000 - 149,000 / uL platelet estimate
Slight decrease
264
50,000 - 99,000 / uL platelet estimate
Moderate decrease
265
0 - 49,000 / uL platelet estimate
Marked decrease
266
200,000 - 400,000 / uL platelet estimate
Normal
267
401,000 - 599,000 / uL platelet estimate
Slight decrease
268
600,000 - 800,000 / uL platelet estimate
Moderate increase
269
>800,000 / uL platelet estimate
Marked increase
270
"Normal / slight" what erythrocyte grading
0
271
"Small / few" what erythrocyte grading
1+
272
"Moderately" what erythrocyte grading
2+
273
"Many" what erythrocyte grading
3+
274
"Marked" what erythrocyte grading
4+
275
0-2 / OIF codocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes
Within normal limits
276
2-10/ OIF codocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes
1+
277
10-20 / OIF codocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes
2+
278
20-50 / OIF codocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes
3+
279
>50/ OIF codocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes
4+
280
<1 / OIF acanthocytes, schisocytes
Within normal limits
281
2-5 / OIF acanthocytes, schisocytes
1+
282
5-10 / OIF acanthocytes, schisocytes
2+
283
10-20 / OIF acanthocytes, schisocytes
3+
284
>20 / OIF acanthocytes, schisocytes
4+
285
1+ (1-5/field), 2+ (6-10/field), 3+ (>10/field). These are reportings for
Spherocytes, Acanthocytes, Schistocytes
286
1+ (3-10/field), 2+ (11-20/field), 3+ (>20field). These are reportings for
Codocytes, Ovalocytes, Stomatocytes
287
Sickle cells, BASOPHILIC STIPPLING, Pappenheimer and Howell-Jolly bodies are reported as
Positive
