Control Of Cerebral Speech Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main stages of speech production

A

Conceptualism
Formulation
Articulation
Self monitoring

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2
Q

Conceptualism

A

Decide what to say

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3
Q

Formulation

A

Select appropriate words and organise in grammatical form

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4
Q

Articulation

A

Plan, co ordinate and initiate movement to produce speech

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5
Q

Self monitoring

A

Auditory and somatosensory feedback for correction

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6
Q

What is the left hemisphere specialised for

A

Phonetic, word and sentence processing

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7
Q

Left hemisphere

A

activated not only by auditory signals but by visual lights with linguistic significance

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8
Q

Broca’s area

A

-early recognition of dominance of left brain hemisphere in speech and language production
-3rd convulsion of the inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe

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9
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Brocas aphasia: non fluent & agramattic verbal output, effortful &halting speech. Problems with articulation, word finding, repetition, production, and comprehension of complex sentences.

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10
Q

Wernickes area

A
  • Surrounds the posterior part of the lateral fissure, located at the junction of the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.
  • Part of neural system that processes speech sounds and associates sounds with concepts.
    UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE
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11
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

Wernicke aphasisa- fluent speech, produced at a normal rate but ‘empty’. Speech content is unintelligible due to frequent errors in word choice/retreiaal. Poor comprehension of language hence no awareness of errors

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12
Q

Wernickes model
Visual cortex

A

Receives written words as visual stimulation

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13
Q

Wernickes model
Angular gyrus

A

Transforms visual representations into an auditory code

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14
Q

Wernickes model
Motor cortex

A

Word is pronounced

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15
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Movement of air in and out of lungs
  • Diaphragm, external intercostal and scissors muscles.
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16
Q

Phonation (larynx)

A
  • Keep food/liquids out of airways and sound source.
  • Muscles stabilise the larynx, control opening/closing of the glottis and tension in vocal folds.
17
Q

Articulation/resonance

A
  • Modification and amplification of sounds
  • Tongue, lips, checks, larynx, pharynx, soft palate etc muscles.
18
Q

Dysarthria

A
  • disturbance in speech muscle control due to paralysis, paresis, weakness, slowness
  • can affect all speech processes
    -collection of motor speech symptoms that reflect the component of the motor system
19
Q

How many types of dysarthria is there

A

7

20
Q

Apraxia of speech

A
  • Disturbance in motor planning/ programming of sequential movements for volitional speech production- inability to transform an intact linguistic representation into a coordinate sequence of muscle contraction
  • No problem with comprehension and NOT caused by muscle weakness/paralysis.
21
Q

How is apraxia caused

A
  • Caused by lesions to Broca’s area, anterior insular cortex, basal ganglia, supplementary motor area, somatosensory cortex, supramarginal gyrus. Concomitant with aphasia.
  • Acquired (TBI, stroke, infections, neuro degeneration) or congenital (childhood apraxia of speech)
  • Islands of luent intelligible speech (automatic phrases) interrupted by periods of effortful, off target groping for speech sounds. Low speech rate, hesitation, difficulty initiating speech.
22
Q

Vegetative breathing

A
  • Inspiration> diaphragm + intercostal muscles, 40%
  • Expiration> mostly passive, 60%
  • Vocal folds (larynx) are abducted:trachea is unobstructed
  • Mostly involuntary nervous control (brain stem)
23
Q

Forced breathing

A
  • Phonation is a form of forced breathing requiring voluntary overdoing of vestige respiration.
  • Vocal folds adduct> airway constrict > increase in expiratory subglottic pressure> audible vibration
  • Frequency and intensity of sound produced determined by subglottic pressure and rate of airflow.
24
Q

Breathing and speech

A
  • Relaxation pressure~pulmonary pressure, thus deep inspiration the subglottic pressure decreases with time
  • relaxation pressure is altered via muscle contraction to a subglottic pressure suitable for speech:
    -initially contraction of external intercostal muscles is maintained to counter elastic recoil
    -the contraction of expiratory muscles decrease lung volume
25
Q

What is needed to vibrate the vocal folds

A

Sustained and increased subglottic pressure needed to vibrate the vocal folds- modifications to vegetative breathing
Inspiration- rapid (10%) and deep
Expiration- slow (90%)and deep