Tissues

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissue

Answer 1

Epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

What is epithelia tissue

Answer 2

-tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities and tubes, forms glands
-consists of loosely packed cells supported by a basement membrane

Question 3

What are the characteristics of epithelia tissue

Answer 3

Attachment
Avascularity ( doesn’t have its own blood supply )
Polarity apical and basal

Question 4

Define apical and basal

Answer 4

Apical means away from basement membrane
Basal towards the basement membrane

Question 5

What does simple and stratified mean

Answer 5

Simple- one layer
Stratified- two or more layers

Question 6

Define squamous cuboidal and columnar

Answer 6

Flat
Cube
Rectangle

Question 7

Describe a simple squamous epithelia

Answer 7

-flat cells that have oval shaped nuclei
-one layer cells
-major function is exchange of nutrients and gasses
-location is blood vessels and alveoli

Question 8

Describe keratinised simple
squamous

Answer 8

-flat surface cells with oval shape nuclei
-many layers
-keratin (tough and waterproof)
-major function-protection and barrier
-location is skin

Question 9

describe non keratinised simple squamous

Answer 9

-flat surface cells with round nuclei
-many layers
-major function is protection and barrier
-oral cavity and oesophagus
-doesn’t need keratin as its not exposed to the outside world and doesn’t need as much protection

Question 10

Describe a simple coboidal epithelium

Answer 10

• square cells with round nuclei
  -one layer
  -major function is secretion and absorption
  -glands kidney and tubules

Question 11

Describe a simple columnar epithelium

Answer 11

-tall cells with oval basalt located nuclei
-one layer
-absorption (nutrients) and secretion (mucus)
-gastrotestinal tract
-has microvilli to increased surface area

Question 12

Describe pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Answer 12

-tall cells
-appears stratified as some cells dont reach free surface. All cells touch basement membrane
-cillis to move the mucus and goblet cells to act as chamber that produces mucus
-function is mucociliary escalator (cilis and mucus to move bacteria etc)
-trachea and larger respiratory airways

Question 13

What are the 6 types of epithelia

Answer 13

-simple squamous
-keratinised stratified squamous
-non keratinised stratified squamous
-simple coboidal epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-pseduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells

Question 14

What is an intercellular junction

Answer 14

Specialised areas of cell membrane that bind one cell to another

Question 15

What are the 4 kinds of intercellular junctions

Answer 15

Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

Question 16

Describe Desmosomes

Answer 16

Very strong connections between adjacent cells
Resist stretching and twisting

Question 17

Describe Hemidesmosomes

Answer 17

AttacH cells to the basement membrane
Stabilise the position and anchor cell to the underlying tissue

Question 18

Describe tight junctions

Answer 18

-interlocking proteins tightly bind cells tougher than near apical edge
-prevent passage of water and solutes between cells (digestive cells)

Question 19

Describe gap junctions

Answer 19

Cells helps together by an interlocking membrane proteins containing central pore
Allows movement of small molecules and ions between cells- found in cardiac muscle

Question 20

What is connective tissue

Answer 20

-forms a structural framework for the body
-supports surrounds and interconnects other tissue types
-protects delicate organs
-transport fluids and dissolved materials
-stores energy reserves
-defends body from microorganisms
-consists or cells within an extra cellular matrix

Question 21

What does an extra cellular matrix consist of

Answer 21

-ground substance
-tissue fluid
-fibres: collagen, reticular (network) and elastic classification of connective tissue

Question 22

What are the 3 specialised connective tissues

Answer 22

Blood- mainly tissue fluid
Bone- osteoblasts and osteocytes
Cartilage- strong matrix and collagen

Question 23

What is connective proper tissue

Answer 23

-loose irregular connective tissue
-lots of ground substance
-few fibres (collagen and elastic)
-variety of cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages)
-found under the epithelium that covers and lines the body surfaces

Question 24

What is dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 24

-little ground substance
-many collagen fibre bundles arranged haphazardly
-few cells (mainly fibroblasts)
-resists excessive stretching and distension due to the bundles being haphazardly
-found in dermis (lower levels of skin)

Question 25

What is dense regular connective tissue

Answer 25

-little ground substance
-many densley packed bundles of collagen fibres arranged in parallel rows
-few cells (mainly fibroblasts)
-found in tendons (non contractile bit of muscle that attatches to bone and ligaments (stabilising function between two bones no muscle)

Question 26

What is muscle tissue

Answer 26

Consists of muscle cells (fibres)
Capable of contracting and therefore can produce movement

Question 27

What is skeletal muscle

Answer 27

-moves and stabilises the skeleton
-forms sphincters in digestive and urinary tracts
-involved in respiration (diaphragm and intercostal muscles)
-innervated (involuntary) by somatic nervous system
-long cylindrical cells, striped, may peripherally located and nucleated

Question 28

What is cardiac muscle

Answer 28

• found in the heart wall and helps to circulate blood and maintain low blood pressure
  -innervated (involuntary) by the automatic nervous system
  -branched muscle fibres, 1-2 central nuclei, intercalated discs to join them

Question 29

What is smooth muscle

Answer 29

-located in the walls of organs, blood vessels, and airways
-gastrointestinal movement
-alters diameter of airways and blood vessels
-innervated by automatic nervous system
-short fusiform cells
-non striated
-single centrally located nucleus