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Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

-moves air to and from lungs
-gas exchange between air and circulation blood
-protects the surface of the respiratory tract
-defence against invading pathogens
-relays olfactory sensations from nasal cavity to cns
-helps control body fluid pH
-provides sounds involved in speaking, singing and non verbal communication

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2
Q

What is the upper respiratory system made from

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

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3
Q

What is the lower respiratory system

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

What body parts make up the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

A

-entrance to mouth and nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchiholes

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5
Q

What parts of the body make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveoli

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6
Q

What does the conducting portion do

A

Filters, warms and moistens air
Transmits air to and from the lungs

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7
Q

What does the respiratory portion do

A

Site of gas exchange

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8
Q

What are vibrasse in the nose

A

Hairs at external nares

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9
Q

What are the internal nares openings to

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with

A

Pseduostraitied ciliated columnar with goblet cells line nasal cavity for removal of particles

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11
Q

What are the serous glands in the nose for

A

Humidifies air

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12
Q

What is the conchae for in the nose

A

Bony projetions slows down air flow

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13
Q

What are paranasal sinuses for in the nose

A

Lightens the skull and provides speech resonance

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14
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium for in the nose

A

Sense of smell

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15
Q

Larynx

A

-connects the pharynx with the trachea
-cartilaginous skeleton covered by muscle and membranes

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16
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

-maintains an open airway
-prevents food and drink entering the lower respiratory tract
-during swallowing the larynx is pulled upwards and the epiglottis moves down to cover laryngeal inlet
-cough reflex

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17
Q

Vocal folds

A

-formed from the free border of the cricovocal membrane
-extends between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
-lie either side of the glottis

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18
Q

Trachea

A

-tough flexible tube
-extends from the cricoid cartilage to the carina
-lies anterior to oespophagus
-lined by pseudostratified ciliated columns epithelium with goblet cells
-supported by c shaped cartilage rings which prevent it from collapsing
-trachealis muscle joins end of the cartilages posteriorly

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19
Q

Trachea lining

A

-fine hair like ciliary cells
-covered with thin layer of mucous that catches forgin material produced by goblet cells
-cilia rhythmically beat and move the mucous material up the pharynx where it can be swallowed or eliminated from the body

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20
Q

Primary bronchi

A

-begin at the carina
-supply each lung
-2-3cm long
-right is wider and more vertical than left
-c shaped cartilages

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21
Q

Secondary bronchi (lobar)

A

-the loungers at the hilum
-3 on the right and 2 on the left
-supply the lobes of the lung

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22
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Supply segments of the lung 10 on the right and 8 on the left

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23
Q

Bronchioles

A

-no cartilage
-smooth muscle=can constrict and dilate
-each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

-simple columnar epithelium with cilia
-no goblet cells or mucous glands
-each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioels

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25
Respiratory bronchioles
-simple cuboidal epithelia -no cilia -alveoli extends from the lumen so gas exchange can occur herw
26
Alveoli
-gas exchange -surrounded by capillary network for gas exchange
27
Right lung
-shorter and broader than left lung -handles 55% of gas exchange -3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior -2 fissures, oblique and horizontal
28
Left lung
-narrower and longer than the right lung -2 lobes superior and inferior -1 fissure, oblique
29
Pleura
Double layered serous membrane, totally encloses each lung
30
Parietal layer
Lines inner surface of chest wall and upper surfaces of diaphragm (lines outside of the lung attached to the chest wall)
31
Visceral layer
Hugs/ surrounds the entire lung surface
32
Pleural cavity
Area between visceral and parietal layers which contains thin film of serous fluid -lubricants pleural surfaces allowing them to slide smoothly against each other as the lungs expand and contact -creates a bond between the layers that causes the lungs to move with the chest wall during breathing
33
Thoracic wall
-consists of bony skeleton -bony skeleton 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebra -sternum -muscles- diaphragm, intercostals, accessory muscles -supports and protects the lungs allowing them to expand and contact
34
What is respiration
Exchange off gases between atmosphere, blood and cells
35
What are the 3 steps of respiration
-pulmonary ventilation -external pulmonary respiration -internal tissue respiration
36
Explain pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Inspiration and exhalation of air between atmosphere and lungs (alveoli) Blood gains oxygen and looses carbon dioxide
37
Explain External (pulmonary) respiration
Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
38
Explain internal tissue respiration
Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells Blood loose oxygen and gains carbon dioxide CO2 is generated from cellular respiration
39
What is boyles law
When the temperature of a gas is constant the pressure of the gas varies inversely with volume Volume decreases= pressure increases Volume increases= pressure decreases
40
Relate boyles law to pulmonary ventilation
Air will enter the lungs when atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure Air will leave the lungs when intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure Altering the volume of the lungs alters the pressure
41
Intrapleaural pressure
-refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity -always lower than atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures -created by elastic recoil of the lungs
42
How can thoracic volume be increased
-increasing vertical diameter -increasing anterior posterior diameter -increasing transfers diameter
43
Increasing vertical diameter
-contraction of diaphragm increases vertical diameter -responsible for 75% increase in thoracic capacity
44
Ap and transverse diameters
-elevation of ribs at the sternal end makes the more horiztontal and pushes sternum forwards-increasing AP diameter -many of the ribs are lower near their middle and rise at each end like the handle of the bucket -if the middle of the rib rises, it moves away from the midline of the body-increases transverse
45
Role of the pleura in ventilation
Surface tension between parietal and visceral pleaura ensured that they cannot be pulled apart, therefore increase in thoracic volume increases lung volume
46
Quiet inspiration
-diaphragm contracts then flattens -responsible for 75% increase in thoracic volume -external intercostal muscles elevate ribs and increase the transverse and AP diameters
47
Quiet expiration
-passive procès due to lung recoil (elastic lungs to back to normal volume) -diaphragm relaxes upwards -external intercostals relax -dependant on:elastics recoil of chest walls and lungs and surface tension (pulls inward)
48
Forced inspiration
-accessory muscles help out when required -in fit people during exercise -in sick people doing almost nothing -accessory muscles
49
What are the accessory muscles
Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior
50
Forced expiration
-internal intercostals -abdominal muscles
51
Modified respiratory movements
-used to express emotions -clear passageways -sneezing, yawning, hiccuping, sobbing, laughing -reflexes, some can be initiated voluntarily
52
Neural control of ventilation
-chemoreceptors detect change in po2, pco2 &pH and exist in the brain -chemoreceptors send signals to respiratory centres in the brain stem -via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves (afférent pathways) -from respiratory centre to muscles of ventilation -through phrenic, intercostal and other nerves (efferent pathway)
53
Hearing Breuer reflex
-prevents over inflation of the lungs -stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles and alveoli -impulses sent via vagus nerve to pneumotaxic centre -duration of inspiration is shortened
54
How can lung volume be measures
Spirometer
55
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath
56
Inspiratroy reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forecibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
57
Experiatory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
58
Residual volume
Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
59
External pulmonary respiration
-exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries -gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure - driving force
60
What does external pulmonary respiration depend on
-partial pressure differences -large surface area of alveoli -small diffusion distance accross alveolar- capillary (respiratory) membrane -solubility of gases
61
Internal (tissue) respiration
-exchange of gases between blood capillaries and tissues -gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure to- driving force -oxygen diffuse from oxygenated blood through interstitial fluid and into tissue fluids
62
Transport of oxygen
-in the blood -1.5% dissolved in plasma -98.5% is bound to haemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
63
Transport of carbon dioxide
-in 3 forms -7% dissolved in plasma -23% bound to hémoglobine in red blood cells -70% is bicarbonate ion in plasma

Bio Med (24 decks)

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