UNIT 3 - KA3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does memory involve

A

Memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

What do memories include

A

Memories include past experiences, knowledge and thoughts

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3
Q

What are the three stages to memory

A

1- sensory memory
2- short term memory
3- long term memory

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4
Q

Which inputs does the sensory memory retain

A

Sensory memory retains all the visual and auditory (seeing and hearing) input received for a few seconds

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5
Q

How much of the visual and auditory input from level 1 (sensory memory) is encoded into stm

A

Only selected images and sounds are encoded into the short term memory

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6
Q

What is the process of encoding

A

Encoding is when the information is converted into a form that the Brain can process and store

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7
Q

Where does encoding transfer information to

A

Encoding = transferring information into the memory (STM or LTM)

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8
Q

What does the STM memory have

A

The short term memory has a limited capacity and holds information for a short time

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9
Q

What is the limited capacity of the short term memory called

A

A limited capacity - called the memory span

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10
Q

What is the memory span

A

The memory span is the number of items of information the short term memory can hold which is around 7+/-2 items

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11
Q

What is the explanation of items being lost by displacement

A

Lost by displacement due to new items entering the STM

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12
Q

How accurate is the retrieval of items during the short time the stm holds it

A

The short term memory holds information for a short time. During this time, retrieval of items is very accurate

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13
Q

The short term memory has (Point 2)

A

The short term memory holds information for a short period of time. During this time retrieval of items is very accurate. Thereafter items are either transferred (to LTM) or lost by displacement (due to new items entering stm) or decay (lost)

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14
Q

Where does all information entering the Brain pass through

A

All information entering the brain passes through the sensory memory and enters short term memory (STM) information is then transferred to long term memory or is discarded

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15
Q

How can memory span be extended

A

Memory span can be extended by rehearsal ams chunking

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16
Q

How are items maintained by rehearsal

A

Rehearsal involves repeating what you have learned (either silently or out loud) over and over again

17
Q

What does rehearsal extend

A

Rehearsal extends the length of time information is held in STM, and aids the transfer from STM to LTM

18
Q

What is the effect of chunking

A

Chinking maximises the amount of information that can be held in each item in STM

19
Q

What do we still have room for if we use chunking

A

Using chunking you still have room for more pieces of information in your stm as you have no exceeded your memory span limit

20
Q

What does the serial position effect show

A

The serial position effect shows that items are remembered at the start and end of a sequence

21
Q

What is the primacy effect

A

Items at the beginning of the series have been rehearsed and transferred from STM to LTM

22
Q

What happens to items in the middle of a sequence

A

Items in the middle have been forgotten due to displacement or decay from stm

23
Q

What is the recency effect

A

Items at the end are still in STM and are able to be written down quickly before they are forgotten

24
Q

What is long term memory

A

The LTM has an unlimited capacity and holds information for a long time

25
Q

How can information be transferred and encoded from the STM to LTM

A
  1. Rehearsal
  2. Organisation
  3. Elaboration
26
Q

Rehearsal (2nd version)

A

Rehearsal is regarded as a shallow form of encoding information into the LTM

27
Q

Elaboration

A

Elaboration is regarded as a deeper form of encoding which leads to improved information retention

28
Q

Organisation

A

Related information is grouped together/ put into categories

29
Q

What long term memory transfer is retrieval aided by

A

Retrieval is aided by the use of contextual cues

30
Q

What is the function of contextual cues

A

Contextual cues relate to the time and place when the information was initially encoded into the LTM

31
Q

What can stm do as well as storing data

A

STM also processes data, to a limited extent, as well as store it

32
Q

Which model explains why the STM can perform simple cognitive tasks

A

This ‘working model’ explains why the STM can perform simple cognitive tasks

33
Q

Use the example of the number of drawers in house to explain the working memory model

A

You form a mental image of your home and then go for a virtual tour room by room, you use your working memory to count the number of drawers and and add this value to the running total in your STM