HEMATOLOGY - alterations of leukocyte function: a review Flashcards

EXAM 2 content

1
Q

what are leukocytes? what do they do? normal values? where are they usually act at?

A

leukocytes = WBCs
- defends against organisms that cause infection + removes debris
- primarily acts in the tissues but transports into circulation
- normal WBC = 5k-10k /uL

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2
Q

what are granulocytes? what are its subcategories? properties?

A

granulocytes are type of leukocyte (WBC)
- perform phagocytosis
- contains mediators w/inflammatory & immune functions
- has amoeboid movement – migrates thru vessel walls & to sites where action is needed

subcategories:
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils

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3
Q

what does neutrophils & eosinophils do? (part of granulocytes)

A
  • neutrophils = chief phagocytes of early inflammation
  • eosinophils = releases pro-inflam cytokines + involved in allergic reactions & parasitic infections
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4
Q

what are agranulocytes? subcategories?

A

a type of leukocyte
- monocytes
- macrophages
- lymphocytes

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5
Q

what does monocytes, macrophages & lymphocytes do?

A
  • monocytes are IMMATURE macrophages that mature into macrophages

macrophages = phagocytosis
- tissue macrophages = inside tissues (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum in GI)
- other macrophages = migrates out of blood vessels in RESPONSE to infection or inflammation

lymphocytes = primary cells of immune response
- circulates in blood –> reside in lymphoid tissue as MATURE T cells, B cells or plasma cells

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6
Q

what is leukocytosis? what can it cause?

A

leukocytosis = WBC is high
- expected protective response to stressors
- can cause cancer & hematologic disorders

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7
Q

what is leukopenia? associations? cause of leukopenia?

A

leukopenia = WBC is low
- it is NEVER low –> investigation
- associated with decrease neutrophils –> incr risk of infection
- results from radiation, anaphylactic shock, autoimmune disease & certain drugs (glucocorticoids & chemotherapeutic agents)

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8
Q

since leukopenia is associated with decrease neutrophils, what is that term called? what are causes of this?

A

neutropenia = low neutrophils
- decreased marrow production
- increased destruction
- prolonged infection
- increase risk of infection

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9
Q

what is the term for high neutrophils? what causes this?

A

neutrophilia
- inflammation!
- bacterial infection!
- tissue necrosis
- physiologic stress
- hematologic disorders
- drugs & chemicals
- metabolic disorders
- neoplasms

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10
Q

what is an important lab finding we use to identify if someone has neutrophilia (high neutrophils)? how does this lab finding work?

A

LEFT SHIFT = bacterial infections
- usually in pictures neutrophils are matured towards the right side of the diagram
- when infection happens –> demand for neutrophil need is MORE than what body HAS –> releases immature neutrophils (myeloblasts) –> prevents complete of sequences & shifts distribution of leukocytes in blood towards the left of the diagram, “myeoblasts” (immature neutrophils)

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11
Q

what is eosinophilia? what causes it?

A

eosinophilia = increase of eosinophil cells
- allergy!
- parasitic & chronic infection!
- malignancy
- dermatosis
- drugs

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12
Q

what is eosinopenia? what causes it?

A

eosinopenia = decrease of eosinophil cells
- physiologic & emotional stress
- corticosteroids
- eosinophils going INTO inflammation sites

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13
Q

what is basophilia? what are the causes?

A

basophilia = increase of basophil cells, RARE
- inflammation!
- infection
- myeloproliferative disorders
- myxedema, antithyroid therapy = low thyroid hormone

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14
Q

what is basopenia? what are the causes?

A

basopenia = low basophil cells
- pregnancy
- ovulation
- stress
- graves disease = excess thyroid hormone

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15
Q

what is monocytosis? what are the causes?

A

monocytosis = increase of monocyte cells
- this is NOT related to dysfunction of actual monocyte production, transient
- bacterial infections + neutropenia (endocarditis, TB)!
- recovery or late phase of infection
- physiologic (normal for a newborn)

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16
Q

what is monocytopenia? what are the causes?

A

monocytopenia = low monocyte cells
- RARE
- certain types of leukemia + prednisone therapy

17
Q

what is lymphocytosis? what are the causes?

A

lymphocytosis = increase of lymphocyte cells
- physiologic: 4 mo to 4 yo
- acute & chronic infection (this is rare in acute bacterial infections)
- acute viral infections
- high thyroid hormone levels
- adrenal insufficiency

18
Q

what is lymphocytopenia? what causes it?

A

lymphocytopenia = low lymphocyte cells
- can be seen without a detectable cause
- immunodeficiency (AIDS)
- lymphocyte destruction: glucocorticoids, radiation, & chemotherapy
- hodgkin lymphoma