ONCOLOGY - review Flashcards

EXAM 2 content

1
Q

what is a genome?

A

organism’s complete set of DNA

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2
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

new growth, referred as a tumor can be BENIGN or MALIGNANT

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3
Q

what is a benign tumor?

A

abnormal cells that are localized & does not travel

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4
Q

what is caner?

A

abnormal cells divide without control & invades other tissues

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5
Q

what is a malignant tumor?

A

spreads to other areas of the body

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6
Q

what is the cell cycle? what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

the growth stages of a cell going thru mitosis & regeneration

G0 = cell resting, not active or engaged in cell cycle
G1 = cell enters cycle –> grows –> preps for DNA replication
S = synthesis of DNA & each 46 chromosomes are duplicated
G2 = checking duplicated chromosomes for any errors or need repairs
M = mitosis
Cytokinesis = end of mitosis, official split, 23 pairs of chromosomes

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7
Q

what is so different with the cancer cell cycle? what is happening with the tumor?

A
  • cells are actively dividing
  • as tumor increases –> more cells into resting state G0 –> non cycling cells –> can escape death & stay into G0 phase
  • major issue combating cancer!!

no check points, no resting, no control

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8
Q

in normal cell growth, what is proliferation?

A

cell growth = proliferation
- stem cells = undifferentiated cells
- cell proliferation starts IN stem cell
- mature cells comes out & functions until dies

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9
Q

how is proliferation activated? how does the body control it?

A

proliferation is activated by:
- cell degeneration / death
- body incr need for more cells (due to infection)

body controls it through:
- contact inhibition: respecting boundaries of cell around them

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10
Q

which parts of the body have rapid proliferation?

A
  • bone marrow
  • hair follicles
  • epithelial line of GI tract
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11
Q

which parts of the body have slow proliferation or dont even occur?

A

myocardium & cartilage

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12
Q

what is normal cell differentiation? what is different between an immature & mature cell?

A

differentiation = immature cells –> mature form & function
- unspecialized –> specialized
- immature = potential to perform all body functions
- differentiate –> potential lowers
- mature = only specific functions, stable, will NOT go undifferent

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13
Q

what are the two main dysfunctions that happens in the body when cancer starts to arise? what happens within these dysfunctions?

A

defective cell proliferation
- loss of contact inhibition –> cancer cells grow on top of normal ones –> responds differently to intracellular (signals that regulate proliferation + death) + proliferate @ same rate as norm cells –> cancer cell proliferation is continuous & indiscriminate

defective cell differentiation
- can not preform special function
- cancer cells DEdifferentiate (return to previous state)

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14
Q

what are the stages of cancer development?

A

1st stage = tumor initiation
- spontaneous alternation / mutation of genes –> dysregulation of proliferation, apoptosis, & DNA repair
- exposure to carcinogenic agent

2nd stage = tumor promotion
- population of cancer grows
- diversity of cancer cell phenotypes

3rd stage = tumor progression
- metastasis = spread to adjacent & distal sites = final stage of neoplasm transformation
- tumor size grows
- proliferating cells do more mutations –> invasive & metastatic potential

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15
Q

when a tumor metastasizes, how do they do it? what “factor” allows cancer cells to make its own blood vessels?

A
  • penetrates basement membrane & through lymphatic system or blood
  • can develop its own blood vessels & connect w patient’s blood supply through secreting vascular endothelial growth factor
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16
Q

what is biggest difference between a benign tumor & malignant tumor?

A

the ability of cells to invade & metastasize (malignant tumor)

17
Q

what are the biggest key characteristics of benign tumors?

A
  • slow grow
  • encapsulated = can not spread bc in connective tissue
  • non invasive
  • well differentiated = organized stroma = cellular microenvironment of tumor
  • low mitotic index = total # of cells going thru mitosis : total # of cells in population
  • doesnt metastasize
18
Q

what are the biggest key characteristics of benign tumors?

A
  • grows fast
  • non encapsulated –> invasive
  • poorly differentiated (anaplasia) + pleomorphic (vary in size & shape)
  • high mitotic index = disorganized stroma
  • metastasize
19
Q

how are benign tumors names? what are some examples?

A

according to tissues of origin
- lipoma = fat cells
- leiomyoma = smooth muscle of uterus
- meningioma = meingies

20
Q

how are malignant tumors names? what are some examples?

A

according to the cell type they arise from
- carcinoma = epithelial tissue
- adenocarcinoma = ductal or glandular tissue
- sarcoma = mesenchymal tissue
- lymphoma = lymphatic tissue
- leukemia = blood forming cells

some based on history

21
Q

what is carcinoma in situ (CIS)? what does the low & high grade mean? what are the 3 outcomes?

A

preinvasive tumor
- has all cancer characteristics but has NOT spread
- high grade = increase change of becoming cancer

outcomes
1. stays stable
2. becomes invasive & metastatic cancer
3. disappears