Drugs for Bronchial Asthma (Part 01)

Question 1

It refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs through series of air passages.

Answer 1

Respiration

Question 2

It is also known as Windpipe.

Answer 2

Trachea

Question 3

It is the main airway to the lungs.

Answer 3

Trachea

Question 4

These are smaller branches of bronchi and ends with alveoli.

Answer 4

Bronchioles

Question 5

It is also known as Functional Unit.

Answer 5

Alveoli

Question 6

It regulates smooth muscle tone in the respiratory system and thereby maintain the balance between bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator.

Answer 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 7

It is responsible for regulating several basic functions of the ANS, including respiration, cardiac function, vasodilation, and reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Answer 7

Medulla Oblongata

Question 8

It is inactivated by PDE.

Answer 8

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Question 9

Two (2) Types of Autacoids

Answer 9

1. Histamine
2. Leukotrienes

Question 10

It causes bronchoconstriction by binding to H-1 receptor.

Answer 10

Histamine

Question 11

LTC4 and LTD4 are bronchoconstrictor. These are considered as SRS-A (Slow Reacting Substances of Anaphylaxis).

Answer 11

Leukotrienes

Question 12

A condition that is physiologically characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli (triggers).

Answer 12

Bronchial Asthma

Question 13

Triggers that comes from pollens, moulds, house dust mites, and animals (dander, saliva, and urine).

Answer 13

Allergens

Question 14

Manufacture of, for example is isocyanate—containing paints, epoxy resins, aluminum, hair sprays, penicillins, and cimetidine.

Answer 14

Industrial Chemicals

Question 15

Examples of triggers such as aspirin, ibuprofen and other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, beta-adrenoceptor blockers.

Answer 15

Drugs

Question 16

A rare cause but examples are nuts, fish, seafood, dairy products, food coloring, especially tartrazine, benzoic acid and sodium metabisulfite.

Answer 16

Food

Question 17

Examples are wood or grain dust, colophony, cotton dust, grain weevils and mites, also environmental pollutants such as cigarettes, cigarette smoke and sulfur dioxide.

Answer 17

Other Industrial Triggers

Question 18

Examples are cold air, exercise, hyperventilation, viral respiratory tract infections, emotion and stress.

Answer 18

Miscellaneous

Question 19

Listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using stethoscope.

Answer 19

Auscultation

Question 20

It is also known as Lung Capacity Test.

Answer 20

Spirometry - It measures how much air can person inhale and exhale, and how fast air can move into and out of the lungs.

Question 21

It is also known as Provocation / Reactivity.

Answer 21

FEV - 1 Test - Assessed by measuring the fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Question 22

It is also known as Exhaled Nitric Oxide.

Answer 22

FeNo Test - This test measures the amount of nitric oxide in the breath.

Question 23

Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma

Answer 23

Triggering → Signaling → Migration → Cell Activation → Tissue Stimulation and Damage

Question 24

These antigen binds to IgE, which is attached to activate mast cells.

Answer 24

Triggering

Question 25

After triggering, mast cells and other __________ cells are activated.

Answer 25

Signaling

Question 26

This is an influx of inflammatory cells.

Answer 26

Migration

Question 27

Required before cells can release inflammatory mediators.

Answer 27

Cell Activation

Question 28

Occurs as the result of these inflammatory mediators released from activated cells.

Answer 28

Tissue Stimulation and Damage

Question 29

Types of Bronchial Asthma (Based on Cause)

Answer 29

1. Extrinsic Asthma
2. Intrinsic Asthma (Non-IgE Mediated)

Question 30

A type of bronchial asthma that is common in children.

Answer 30

Extrinsic Asthma

Question 31

A type of bronchial asthma that tends to develop in adulthood.

Answer 31

Intrinsic Asthma

Question 32

A life-threatening condition that occurs when severe asthma exacerbation fails to respond to usual treatment.

Answer 32

Status Asthmaticus

Question 33

A condition characterized by accumulation of air in the pleural space, as sometimes occurs during an acute asthma exacerbation.

Answer 33

Pneumothorax

Question 34

The complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.

Answer 34

Atelectasis

Question 35

Symptoms of Atelectasis

Answer 35

• Worsening Dyspnea
• Anxiety