carbohydrates Flashcards
what are the 4 main and primary biomolecule in our body?
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrates
lipids
what are the functions of carbohydrates
o Provide energy to the body (main)
o Part of the structural elements of some cells and tissues
a carbohydrate that is a complex carbohydrate
structural component of plants
cellulose
Primary source for brain erythrocytes and retinal cells in human
carbohydrates
Major food source and energy supply of the bod
carbohydrates
carbohydrates can be Stored primarily as ___
liver and muscles glycogen
Central ingredient for life
carbohydrates
what are the elements or compounds comprising the carbohydrates
compounds containing C, H
and O
what are the 2 main functional groups of carbohydrates
aldehyde
ketones
what is the general formula for carbohydrates
Cx(H20)y
why protein has a different checmical formula aside from the other biomolecules?
it has nitrogen
derivatives of carbohydrates
phosphates, sulfates and amines
carbohydrates are can be classified depending on the amount of sugar
name them all
monosaccharide
disaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide
how many sugars are thre in oligosaccharide?
2-10
how many sugar are there in polysaccharide?
greater than 10
__ is the simplest carbohydrate
Glycol aldehyde (CHO). or glyceraldehyde
__ is the only carbohydrate to be directly used by the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly metabolized.
Glucose
The brain is completely dependent on blood glucose
for energy production -____ of glucose utilization in
resting adults accounts in the central nervous system
(CNS).
2/3
Glucose metabolism generates __, __, ___as intermediate products
pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A
an intermediate products that is a pathway to ATP production
pyruvic acid
an intermediate product that is formed in anaerobic conditions
lactic acid
what is the enzyme found in the mouth that will breakdown foods to create a polysaccharide
salivary amylase
salivary amylase will breakdown __ to produce a polysaccharide called ___
starch; maltose
is there a digestion of carbohydrates happening in the stomach?
none
why is there no digestion of carbohydrates happening in the stomach?
because of too high acidity caused by the hydrochloric acid making it deactivated
an enzyme that will help in breaking down carbs in pancreas and liver is called
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic amylase will breakdown ___ into shorter carbohydrate chain
dextrin
the enzyme sucrase will breakdown sucrose into ___
glucose and fructose
the enzyme maltase will breakdown between the 2 units of
2 glucose units of maltose
the enzyme lactase willbeakdown lactose into
galactose and glucose
example of reducing substances or sugars
glucose, maltose,
fructose, lactose and galactose
The presence of a double bond and a negative
charge in the enol anion makes ___ an active reducing substance.
glucose
what is the most common non reducing sugar?
sucrose
what does it mean to be a nonreducing sugar?
Nonreducing sugar do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde group.
carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbons
what is known to be a center carbon of sugar
anomeric carbon
3 carbon compounds is called
trioses
4 carbon compounds is called
tetroses
5 carbon compounds is called
pentoses
6 carbon compounds is called
hexoses
among the classification based on the number of carbons, which one is the most important?
pentoses
what will be the term for the compound if the CO functional group is a sugar
aldose
what will be the term for the compound if the CO functional group is a ketone
ketose
Models to Represent Carbohydrat
Fischer Project
Haworth Projection
Has the aldehyde or ketone at the top of the drawing
Fischer Projection
Carbons are numbered starting at the aldehyde or
ketone end
Fischer Projection
Straight chain or cyclic (linked in hemiacetal form)
Fischer Projection
Cyclic form
Haworth Projection
what is the fdifference between ketose and aldose in terms of the formula?
aldose C= O-H
Ketose C= O
ketose has no hydrogen attached
More representative of the actual structue
Haworth Projection
Formed when the functional group (ketone or
aldehyde) reacts with an alcohol group on the same
sugar to form a ring (hemiacetal ring)
Haworth Projection
Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Glycolysis (Embden Meyerhof pathway)
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
Formation of the fatty
acid
lipogenesis
breakdown of fatty acid
lipolysis
Also known as EMBDEN MEYERHOF PATHWAY
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the conversion
of glucose to pyruvate and the production of ATP and
NADH
glycolysis
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be
converted to ___ and this is important for muscle
tissue, which has no adequate oxygen supply.
lactate
glycolysis will convert GLUCOSE to ___
PYRUVATE
this pathway Produce ATP for cell’s energy
embden-meyerhof pathway
Formation of glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis takes place in cytoplasm of___
liver and muscle
Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for
___
glucose and ATP