lipids and lipoprotein Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
lipids, These are commonly referred to as __,
A
fats
3
Q
the composition of lipids
A
carbon-hydrogen bonds
4
Q
if the carbohydrates are bonded by glycosidic bonds, how are lipid being bonded?
A
tru ester bond
5
Q
These are insoluble in blood and water, but soluble in ____
A
organic solvents (chloroform and ether).
6
Q
These are primary sources of fuel;
A
lipids
7
Q
they provide ___ to
cell membrane and allow for ____ transport.
A
stability; transmembrane
8
Q
They require special transport mechanisms (___)
for circulation in the blood.
A
lipoproteins
9
Q
Major lipids:
A
o Phospholipids,
o Cholesterol,
o Triglycerides,
o Fatty acid and
o Fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)
10
Q
are the ubiquitous constituent of all living cells
A
lipids
11
Q
most abndant lipid
A
phospholipid
12
Q
most atherogenic phospolipids
A
cholesterol
13
Q
2nd most atherogenic lipid
A
triglyceride
14
Q
according to bishop, lipid is the efficient wAy to store ___
A
excess calorieS
15
Q
relationship of triglyceride and calories,
A
directly proportional, as trigly are the ones that can be stored as ADIPOSE
16
Q
it is as well an integral part of the cell membrane
A
lipids - as all the cells has bilayer membrane made of phospholipids
17
Q
the head is the ____ means __
A
polar - water loving
18
Q
the tail is the ____ means __
A
non polar - water-hating
19
Q
lipids are also precursors for the _
A
Steroid hormones, prostaglandins,
leukotrienes, and lipoxins
20
Q
the lipids transported by lipoproteins, namely, ___, are also the principal lipids found in cell
membranes and intracellular lipid droplets
A
triglycerides, phospholipids,
cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters
21
Q
build up of plaque
A
atherosclerosis
22
Q
blood vessels are inflamed
A
arteriosclerosis
23
Q
diseases associated with lipids
A
dyslipidemia
24
Q
It is the most abundant lipids derived from phosphatidic acid.
A
Phospholipid (Conjugated Lipid)
25
Phospholipid (Conjugated Lipid)
It originates in the __ and ___
liver and intestine.
26
phospholipids It is the most abundant lipids derived from ___.
phosphatidic acid
27
composition of phospholipids
1 polar head and 2 tails
1 phosphorylated glycerol and 2 molecules of fatty acids
28
Reported to be an independent risk factor for
atherosclerosis.
phospholipids
29
In the lungs, it is produced by ___ in the
form of lamellar bodies.
type II pneumocytes
30
phospholipids
Reference value: ___ mg/dL (serum
150-380
31
is phospholipids a significant lipid to detect heart disease?
no.
32
phospholipids are as well also called as
amphiphatics- polar head and non polar tail
33
ref range of phospholipids
150-380 mg/dl
34
function of phospholipid
Alter fluid surface tension (___) - it decreases
surface tension within the alveolar space, thus allowing effective gas exchange, and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.
surfactant
35
function of phospholipids
It participates in __ and ___
cellular metabolism; blood
coagulation.
36
in blood coagulation, phospholipids are known as a tissue factor ___
factor III
37
function of phospholipids
They are also important substrates for a number of
___ (e.g ., LCAT, LPL, HL);
therefore changes in the composition could adversely
affect the function of these enzymes.
lipoprotein metabolizing enzymes
38
function of phospholipids
Deficiency of surfactant leads to _--
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
39
Forms of Phospholipids
1. Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine: 70%
2. Sphingomyelin: 20%
3. Cephalin: 10%
40
forms of phospholipid
what is the percentage of
Lecithin/Phosphatidyl choline:
70%
41
forms of phospholipids
sphingomyelin %
20%
42
forms of phospholipids
cephalin %
10%
43
It is the only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino
alcohol called sphingosine
Sphingomyelin
44
It is an essential component of cell membranes (RBC and
nerve sheath).
Sphingomyelin
45
sphingomyelin
It accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering
from ___
Niemann-Pick disease (lipid storage disorder)
46
Niemann-Pick disease (lipid storage disorder)
reason behind
lack of enxyme - spingomyelinase
47
is it used t diagnose fetal lung maturity
phospholipids
48
hwo do we get the fetal lung maturity for phospholipids
correlates strongly with L/S ratio > 2.
49
method to L/S ratio > 2
1. thin layer chromatogrpahy - method of choice
2. testing the microviscocity - fluorescence polarization immunoassay method
50
how to we determine the amount of phospholippids?
estimation of phosphorous
51
1 mole of Phosphorous is equivalent to how __ of phosphlipids
4%
52
factor of phosphorous for phospholipids
25
53
It is an unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings, and it has a single C-H side chain tail similar to fatty acid.
cholesterol
54
Cholesterol It is found on the
surface of lipid layers;
55
Cholesterol synthesized in the
__.
liver
56
the lipids that is not catabolized by most cells, and does not serve as a source of fuel/energy
cholesterol
57
cholesterol are synthesized in liver for how many percent ,,, and for diet
85%; 15%t
58
the only lipid that do not require fasting
cholesterol
59
do cholesterol participates in energy production?
nope
60
cholesterol's transport and excretion is promoted by what hormonr
estrogen
61
chole must be measured starting at age ___ once every 5 yrs
20 y/o
62
desirable level of chole
<200 mg/dl
63
borderline cholesterol level
200- 239 mg/dl
64
high cholesterol level
>= 240 mg/dl
65
cholesterol Precursor of five major classes of steroids:
progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens and estrogens.
66
It is an Important constituent in the assembly of cell membranes and bile acids
cholesterol
67
used for 2nd marker for thyroid
cholesterol
hyper - high metabolism - low cholesterol
68
a small amount of cholesterol, after first being converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol, can also be transformed to ___ in the skin by irradiation from sunlight
vitamin D3
69
2 forms of cholesterol
main - cholesterol ester - 70%
Free Cholesterol (FC) - 30%
70
cholesterol ester are found in
plasma and serum
71
cholesthrol ester is bound to
fatty acids
72
this form of cholesterol undergoes the esterification by LCAT
cholesterol ester
73
inactive form of cholesterol with "protective" property and stored in cells
cholesterol ester
74
a form of cholesterol that is not charged, and is classified as neutral lipid and are not found on the surface of lipid layers but instead are located in the center of lipid drops and lipoproteins along with triglycerides
cholesterol ester
75
excess cholesterol is re-esterified by the __ and is stored until it is needed
microsomal enzyme acyl-Coa:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT )
76
It catalyzes the esterification of
cholesterol (HDL) by promoting
the transfer of fatty acids from
lecithin to cholesterol which
results in the formation of
lysolecithin and cholesterol
ester.
Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)
77
It enables HDL to accumulate
cholesterol as cholesterol
ester.
lecithin-cholesterol acul transferase (LCAT)
78
free cholesterol + fatty acids
cholesterol ester
79
free cholesterol and phospholipids (with hydrophilic property) are found on the surface of
lipoproteins
80
the process of esterification is a "____" step to reduce the accumulation of free cholesterol through the action of the acyltransferase enzymes
detoxification
81
shape of mature hdl
sphere
82
Activator of LCAT: __
Apo A-1
83
free cholesterol is found in
It is found in plasma, serum and RBCs.
84
a polar non-esterified alcohol
unesterified/free cholesterol - 30%
85
why menopausal women increases cholesterol
estrogen came from cholesterol, it decreases chole by using it to form estrogen
since menopausal women stop producing estrogen, more chole accumulated
86
effect of liver disease in chole
decreases since chole came from liver
87
effect of kidney disease in chole
forms cholesterol crystals resulting to nephrotic syndrome
88
chole are stored at what temp
70*C for long time
2*C for short time 1-2 months
89
It is produced via lysosomal hydrolysis and
becomes available for membrane, hormone, and bile acid synthesis
free cholesterol
90
Triglycerides is also known as
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
91
TRIACYLGLYCEROL is made up of
1 glycerol - 3 fatty acids
92
It is the main storage lipid in man (adipose tissue)
Triglycerides
93
triglycerides has no charge which means they are water____
phobic - hydrophobic and water insoluble
94
Constitutes 95% of stored fat and the predominant form of glyceryl ester found in plasma.
Triglycerides
95
It allows the body to compactly store long carbon chains (fatty acids) for energy that can be used during fasting states between meals
Triglycerides
96
function of triglycerides
when TAG are metabolized, their fatty acids are released into the cells and converted into energy '
provides excellent insulation
97
product of hydrolysis of triglyceride
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
98
The breakdown of TAG is facilitated by __.
lipoprotein lipase
(LPL), epinephrine and cortisol
99
an average person ingests, absorbs, resynthesizes, and transport ___ grams of fat daily in the body, mostly in the form of TAG
60-130g
100
percentage of triglyceride in terms of origin
95% dietary
101
fasting hrs for triglyceride
10-12 hrs
102
reference range for normal TAG
< 150 TAG
103
borderline TAG
150-199 mg/dl
104
high TAG range
200-499 mg/dl
105
very high TAG
>500 mg/dl
106
characteristic of a serum for a patient with very high triglyceride
lipemic
107
fasting TAG >= 200 mg/dl are at risk for
coronary artery disease
because of atherogenic VLDL remnants
108
2 lipids that are most important in management of CAD
TAG and cholesterol
109
postural changes decrease TAG levels by almost __ from upright to supine position, hence, a stable position is required to ensure reliability of results
50%
110
A linear chain of C– H bonds that terminate with carboxyl group (–COOH).
fatty acids
111
fatty acids are mostly found as constituents of what lipids
phospholipids and TAG
phospholipids - 2 fatty chain
TAG - 3 fatty chain
112
fatty acids are mainly derived from hydrolysis of__
TAG in adipose tissues
113
Example: of fatty acids
palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic
acid and arachidonic acid
114
Classification of fatty acids As to chain
* Short-chain (4-6 carbon atoms),
* medium-chain (8-12 carbon atoms) or
* long chain (>12 carbon atoms
115
Classification of fatty acids As to the number of C=C bonds
* Saturated ( without double bonds) fatty acids
* unsaturated (with double bonds) fatty acids
116
fatty acid
1 doublke bond
mono unsaturated
117
saturated fatty acids remain ___ in room and high temp
solid - means high melting point
118
unsarturated fatty acids melting point
low melting point
119
saturated will increase what cholesterol?
bad cholesterol
120
unsaturated fatty acids will increase __
good cholesterol
121
what fatty acids are not associated with elevated serum LDL cholesterol
polyunsaturated and cis-monosaturated fatty acids
122
They provide the substance for conversion to glucose
(gluconeogenesis).
fatty acids
123
Main purpose: To transport TAG and cholesterol to sites of
energy storage and utilization
lipoprotein
124
the most hydrophibic lipidsa, such as cholesterol esters and triglycerides, are located in the ___ of the lipoprotein
core
125
lipids with some hydrophilicity, such as __ and __ are arranged on the surface with polar groups pointing outward
free cholesterols and phospholipids
126
are the major sites of beta lipoprotein
hepatocytes and enterocytes
127
lipoprotein lipase will liberates fatty acids from
TAG
128
It helps to keep the lipids in solution (solubility) during circulation through the blood stream.
Apolipoprotein
129
it facilitates uptake of LPP into cells through their recognition by specific cell surface receptors
apolipoprotein
130
what are the major apolipoprotein
ApoA-1
ApoB- 48
ApoB-100
131
It is the largest and the least dense of the lipoprotein
particles.
Chylomicron (CM)
132
It is produced in the intestine from dietary fat;
Chylomicron (CM) - intestine yan kasi exogenous
133
vitamin E depends on __ for absoprtion and __ for delivery to tissues
chylomicron for absorption
VLDL and LDL for delivery
134
It is produced in the intestine from dietary fat;
completely cleared within 6 to 9 hours post prandial.
Chylomicron (CM)
135
Major composition of chylomicron
: 90% TAG ( non-fasting plasma) +
1-2% protein
136
Apolipoproteins Chylomicron (CM)
Apolipoproteins: `Apo B-48`, Apo A-1, Apo C and Apo E
137
major apolipoprotein of chylomicron
ApoB-48
138
the inability to remove chylomicron after eating is the lack of what apolipoprotein
apo c2
139
chylomicron are removed by
hepatic lipase which is activated by apo c2
140
It transports EXOGENOUS/dietary TAG to liver, muscles
and fat depot.
Chylomicron
141
Very Low Density Lipoprotein/Pre-Beta Lipoprotein (VLDL)
It is secreted in the
liver
142
It transports endogenous TAG from the liver to
muscle, fat depots and peripheral tissues.
Very Low Density Lipoprotein/Pre-Beta Lipoprotein (VLDL)
143
Major composition:of vldl
65% TAG ( fasting plasma) + 6-
10% protein + 16% CE
144
major apolipoprotein of VLDL/ pre beta lipoprotein
ApoB-100
145
minor apolipoprotein of VLDL/ pre beta lipoprotein
ApoC and ApoE
146
why do hdl is called as alpha lipoprotein?
becoz in eletrophoresis, it migrates to alpha region
147
the endogenous pathway, production of TAG from FA by the lover takes place, with synthesis of VLDL particles containing what apolipoprotein
ApoB-100 and Apo E
148
It is the smallest lipoproteins but the most dense (5-
12nm).
High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)
149
High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)
It is produced in the
liver and intestine
150
It transports excess cholesterol from the tissues and
return it to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport) -
High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)
151
Major composition of hdl
High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)
152
Major composition of hdl
30% phospholipid + 45-50%
protein + 20% CE
153
major apolipoproteins of hdl
apo A-1
154
minor apolipoproteins of hdl
ApoA-II and ApoC
155
ncep
national cholsterol edcation program
156
(cutoff level) for hdl
40 mg/dL
157
Interpretation of hdl
< 35 mg/dl - high risk for CHD ,
< 40 mg/dl - low
>60 mg/dl - high HDL (protective)
158
It is the most cholesterol-rich of the lipoproteins and most
atherogenic
ldl
159
2nd most
atherogenic lipoprotein
vldl
160
It constitutes about 50% of the total LPP in plasma - the
major source of cholesterol for tissues.
Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)
161
It transports cholesterol to the peripheral tissues - it carries
most of the circulating cholesterol and transports
cholesterol to hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, where it is
taken up by LDL-receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)
162
It is the primary target of cholesterol lowering therapy;
primary marker for CHD risk.
Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)
163
It is important in assessing patients with or without
coronary heart disease (CHD).
ldl
164
Major composition of ldl
50% CE + 18% protein and
phospholipid
165
how LDL become so atherogenic
they can pass through the intima layer of vascular beds and be taken up by macrophages to make foam cells
166
the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy
LDL
167
the LPP that is the primary marker for coronary heart disease risk
LDL
168
lipoprotein that is important in assessing patients with or without CHD
LDL
169
major composition of LDL
50% cholesterol ester
18% protein and phospholipid
170
major apolipoprotein of LDL
ApoB-100
171
minor apolipoprotein of LDL
ApoE
172
ref value of LDL
<100 mg/dl
173
a by product of VLDL catabolism "vldl remnant "
intermediate density lipoprotein - IDL
174
it migrates either in the pre B or B region
IDL
175
defective clearance of IDL in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia is probably due to deficiency of
ApoE-III
176
major lipids of IDL
endogenous TAG and cholesterol ester
kasi nga diba between siya ng beta and pre beta
so VLDL and CHOLE
si VLDL ang bahala sa endogenous TAG and si chole naman sa chole ester
177
major apolipoprotein of IDL
both VLDL at LDL yan so ang major apolipoprotein niyan is
ApoB-100
178
similar to LDL in terms of density and composition
an LDL like particle with a molecule of Apo (a) linked to Apo B 100 by a disulfide bond
lipoprotein a
179
where do lipoprotein a migrates in electrophoresis
migrates in the pre-b region, or sometimes between LDL and albumin
180
known as the "sinking pre-b lipoprotein" due to electrophoretic mobility same as VLDL but density like LDL
lipoprotein a
181
it is isolated in the LDL-HDL density range by ultracentrifugation
lipoprotein a
182
its complex structure is similar to plasminogen
lipoprotein a
183
is an abnormal lipoprotein found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency
lipoprotein X
184
a specific and sensitive indicator of cholestasis
lipoprotein X
185
the lipid content of lipoprotein X is mostly
phospholipid and free cholesterol (90%)
186
has the density of VLDL by ultracentrifugation but migrates to LDL in the B region during electrohoresis
floating B lipoprotein
b-VLDL
187
found in type 3 hyper lipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia
b-VLDL
188
known as the VLDL-rich in cholesterol due to defective catabolism of VLDL
b-vldl
189
why is there an accumulation of IDL in B-VLDL
because of failure to fully convert VLDL to LDL
190
commonly considered as a dysfunctional HDL because native HDL is protective to atherosclerosis
oxidized HDL
191
preferred anticoagulant
edta plasma
192
fasting hrs for lipid determination
10-12 hrs
193
fasting state, most TAG is present in
vldl
194
non fasting state, most TAG is present in
chylomicron
195
if testing is non in non fasting samples, only _ and __ can be measured
those that aren't affeected by diet
total cholesterol and HDL-C
196
the reference method for lipoprotein
ultracentrifugation
197
reagent for ultracentrifugation
potassium bromide with 1.063 density
198
can we use frozen samples for ultracentrifugation?
nope, can't withstand freezing
199
expressed in svedverg units
ultracentrifugation
200
most anodal to least anodal pattern of lipoproteins in electrophoresis
HDL, VLDL, LDL, chlylomicrons
201
which lipoprotein remains only at the origin in electrophoresis
chylomicrons
202
in chemical precipitation what are the polyanions used
heparin sulfate
dextran sulfate
phosphotungstate
203
in chemical precipitation what are the divalent used
magnesium
calcium
manganese
204
the most consistent analytical error involved in HDL-C assay is due to the presence of a small amount of
ApoB-containing LPPs
205
HDL uses what polyanions and divalent cations
polyanions - dextran sulfate
divalent cations - magnesium
206
sample preferred for beta quantification
edta plasmsa
207
beta quantification combines what method
ultracentrifugation and chemical precipitation
208
it is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by defective or deficient LDL receptors
familial hypercholesterolemia - type 2a
209
an autosomal dominant disorder caused by defective or deficient LDL receptors - LDLR gene on chromosome 19
familial hypercholesterolemia
mataas ang cholesterol, type 2a to kasi about LDL si type 2a
210
clinical findings for familial hypercholesterolemia
xanthelasma and planar (tendon) xanthomas
211
involves accumulation of plasma VLDL rich in cholesterol and chylomicron
familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia
212
this involves both the endogenous and exogenous pathway of lipoprotein metabolism
familial dysbetalipoproteinemia - type 3 hyper lipoproteinemia
213
lab findings of a sample with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
equal elevations of cholesterol and TAG and the presence of b-vldl
214
pathognomonic feature fore dysbetalipoproteinemia
broad abnormal band between VLDL and LDL (b-vldl)
215
an autossomal recessive disorder with defective ApoB synthesis
abetalipoproteinemia
216
abetalipoproteinemia is also called as
bassen-kornzweig syndrome
217
VLDL, LDL, and chylomicrons are all not found in plasma due to absence of ApoB containing lipoprotein
abetalipoproteinemia
218
describe the concentration of chole and TAG in abetalipoproteinemia
decrease, since walang carrier
219
also associated with defects in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
abetalipoproteinemia
220
also associated with the defects in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins AEK; deficient fat soluble vitamins
abetalipoproteinemia - bassen kornzweig syndrome
221
the only fat soluble vitamin that does not need chylomicron for absorption, thus, not affected by abetalipoproteinemia pr bassen kornzweig syndrome
vitamin D
although si A and K is di rin nagre-rely kay CM, they are still affected somehow
222
characterized by cerebellar ataxia, acanthocytosism and fat malabsorption
abetalipoproteinemia
223
due to ApoB deficiency resulting from point mutation in ApoB
hypobetalipoproteinemia
224
is an inherited disorder of lipid metabolism in which there are accumulations of spingomyelin in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
niemann-pick disease (lipid storage disease)
225
involves deficiency of enzymes responsible for removing phosphorylcholine from sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase
niemann-pick disease
226
a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by markedly reduced or almost deficient HDL due to a mutation in the ABCA1 gene on chromosome 9
tangier disease
227
also associated with deficiency of ATP binding cassette protein A1
ABCA1
228
a protein that enables cholesterol to exit the cell, upon which it combines with ApoA1 to form HDL
ABCA1
229
lab findings of tangier diease
low blood chole primarily the HDL
230
clinical findings of tangier disease
orange or yellow discoloration of the tonsils and pharynx
231
a rare autosomall recessive disorder that presents in childhood with abdominal pain and pancreatitis
lipoprotein lipase deficiency
232
the inability to clear chylomicron particles, creating the classic type 1 chylomicronemia syndrome
lipoprotein lipase deficiency
233
describe the TAG in lipoprotein lipase deficiency
10,000 mg/dl
ang high value ng TAG is >500 mg/dl and normal is 149 mg/dl
234
deficiency of what apolipoprotein will result into chylomicronemia
ApoCII kasi siya ang nagceclear ng CM within 6-9 hrs after eating
235
lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency
what is the milder form of deficiency
fish eye disease
236
lab findings for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency
HDL-C < 10 mg.dl
total cholesterol is normal or high
recall:
LCAT helps in esterification of chole to form lysolecithin and cholesterol ester
enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol ester
237
clinical findings for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency
corneal opacities, normochromic anemia, and renal failure in young adults
238
an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, which results in the accumulation of sphingolipids in the brains
tay-sachs disease
239
this syndrome is distinct from abetalipoproteinemia, as only ApoB-48 appears to be affected
chylomicron retention disease (anderson's disease)
240
characterized by hypocholesterolemia, chronic diarrhea failure to thrive, and deficiency of vitamin E, the latter can lead to neurogenic deficits
chylomicron retention disease (anderson's disease)
241
clinical findings of chylomicron retention disease (anderson's disease)
fat malabsorption and low levels of plasma lipids
242
is an autosomal recessive disorder wherein plant sterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissues
sitosterolemia
243
a block in the progression from chylomicron to chylomicron remnants results in accumulation of CM most likely caused by LPL deficiency
type 1
244
a block in LDL metabolism and defective ApoB that does not bind to LDL receptor
type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia
245
may also be caused by a mutant LDL receptor that does not recognized ApoB
type 2
246
the presence of floating b-vldl in type _____ is due to failure to convert VLDL to LDL causing IDL to accumulate
type 3
247
a block in conversion of VLDL to IDL and LDL, but LDL is normal
VLDL - type 4
248
the production of excess insulin and the use of antischizoprenic drugs lead to ____
hypertriglyceridemia or type 4 hyperlipoproteinemia 1
249
this lipoprotein's function is to deliver cholesterol and trigkyceride to various tissues
apo B
250
