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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > lipids and lipoprotein > Flashcards

lipids and lipoprotein Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

lipids, These are commonly referred to as __,

A

fats

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3
Q

the composition of lipids

A

carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

if the carbohydrates are bonded by glycosidic bonds, how are lipid being bonded?

A

tru esther bond

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5
Q

These are insoluble in blood and water, but soluble in ____

A

organic solvents (chloroform and ether).

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6
Q

These are primary sources of fuel;

A

lipids

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7
Q

they provide ___ to
cell membrane and allow for ____ transport.

A

stability; transmembrane

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8
Q

They require special transport mechanisms (___)
for circulation in the blood.

A

lipoproteins

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9
Q

Major lipids:

A

o Phospholipids,
o Cholesterol,
o Triglycerides,
o Fatty acid and
o Fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)

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10
Q

are the ubiquitous constituent of all living cells

A

lipids

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11
Q

most abndant lipid

A

phospholipid

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12
Q

most atherogenic phospolipids

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

2nd most atherogenic lipid

A

triglyceride

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14
Q

according to bishop, lipid is the efficient wAy to store ___

A

excess calorieS

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15
Q

relationship of triglyceride and calories,

A

directly proportional, as trigly are the ones that can be stored as ADIPOSE

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16
Q

it is as well an integral part of the cell membrane

A

lipids - as all the cells has bilayer membrane made of phospholipids

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17
Q

the head is the ____ means __

A

polar - water loving

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18
Q

the tail is the ____ means __

A

non polar - water-hating

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19
Q

ipids are also precursors for the _

A

Steroid hormones, prostaglandins,
leukotrienes, and lipoxins

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20
Q

the lipids transported by lipoproteins, namely, ___, are also the principal lipids found in cell
membranes and intracellular lipid droplets

A

triglycerides, phospholipids,
cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters

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21
Q

build up of plaque

A

atherosclerosis

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22
Q

blood vessels are inflamed

A

arteriosclerosis

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23
Q

diseases associated with lipids

A

dyslipidemia

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24
Q

It is the most abundant lipids derived from phosphatidic acid.

A

Phospholipid (Conjugated Lipid)

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25
Q

Phospholipid (Conjugated Lipid)

It originates in the __ and ___

A

liver and intestine.

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26
Q

phospholipids It is the most abundant lipids derived from ___.

A

phosphatidic acid

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27
Q

composition of phospholipids

A

1 polar head and 2 tails
1 glycerol and 2 molecules of fatty acids

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28
Q

Reported to be an independent risk factor for
atherosclerosis.

A

phospholipids

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29
Q

In the lungs, it is produced by ___ in the
form of lamellar bodies.

A

type II pneumocytes

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30
Q

phospholipids

Reference value: ___ mg/dL (serum

A

150-380

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31
Q

is phospholipids a significant lipid to detect heart disease?

A

no.

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32
Q

phospholipids are as well also called as

A

amphiphatics- polar head and non polar tail

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33
Q

function of phospholipid

Alter fluid surface tension (___) - it decreases
surface tension within the alveolar space, thus allowing effective gas exchange, and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.

A

surfactant

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34
Q

function of phospholipids

It participates in __ and ___

A

cellular metabolism; blood
coagulation.

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35
Q

in blood coagulation, phospholipids are known as a tissue factor ___

A

factor III

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36
Q

function of phospholipids

They are also important substrates for a number of
___ (e.g ., LCAT, LPL, HL);
therefore changes in the composition could adversely
affect the function of these enzymes.

A

lipoprotein metabolizing enzymes

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37
Q

function of phospholipids

Deficiency of surfactant leads to _–

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

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38
Q

Forms of Phospholipids

A
  1. Lecithin/Phosphatidyl choline: 70%
  2. Sphingomyelin: 20%
  3. Cephalin: 10%
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39
Q

forms of phospholipid

what is the percentage of

Lecithin/Phosphatidyl choline:

A

70%

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40
Q

forms of phospholipids

sphingomyelin %

A

20%

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41
Q

forms of phospholipids

cephalin %

A

10%

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42
Q

It is the only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino
alcohol called sphingosine

A

Sphingomyelin

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43
Q

It is an essential component of cell membranes (RBC and
nerve sheath).

A

Sphingomyelin

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44
Q

sphingomyelin

It accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering
from ___

A

Niemann-Pick disease (lipid storage disorder)

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45
Q

Niemann-Pick disease (lipid storage disorder)

reason behind

A

lack of enxyme - spingomyelinase

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46
Q

is it used t diagnose fetal lung maturity

A

phospholipids

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47
Q

hwo do we get the fetal lung maturity for phospholipids

A

correlates strongly with L/S ratio > 2.

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48
Q

method to L/S ratio > 2

A
  1. thin layer chromatogrpahy - method of choice
  2. testing the microviscocity - fluorescence polarization immunoassay method
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49
Q

how to we determine the amount of phospholippids?

A

estimation of phosphorous

50
Q

1 mole of Phosphorous is equivalent to how __ of phosphlipids

A

%f

51
Q

factor of phosphorous for phospholipids

A

25

52
Q

It is an unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings,
and it has a single C-H side chain tail similar to fatty acid.

A

cholesterol

53
Q

Cholesterol It is found on the

A

surface of lipid layers;

54
Q

Cholesterol synthesized in the
__.

A

liver

55
Q

cholesterol are synthesized in liver for how many percent ,,, and for diet

A

85%; 15%t

56
Q

the only lipid that do not require fasting

A

cholesterol

57
Q

do cholesterol participates in energy production?

A

nope

58
Q

cholesterol Precursor of five major classes of steroids:

A

progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens and estrogens.

59
Q

It is an Important constituent in the assembly of cell
membranes and bile acids

A

cholesterol

60
Q

used for 2nd marker for thyroid

A

cholesterol

hyper - high metabolism - low choleserol

61
Q

2 forms of cholesterol

A

main - cholesterol esther - 70%
Free Cholesterol (FC) - 30%

62
Q

cholesterol esther are found in

A

plasma and serum

63
Q

cholesthrol ester is bound to

A

fatty acids

64
Q

It catalyzes the esterification of
cholesterol (HDL) by promoting
the transfer of fatty acids from
lecithin to cholesterol which
results in the formation of
lysolecithin and cholesterol
ester.

A

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

65
Q

It enables HDL to accumulate
cholesterol as cholesterol
ester.

A

Cholesterol Ester (CE)

66
Q

free cholesterol + fatty acids

A

cholesterol ester

67
Q

shap of mture hdl

A

sphere

68
Q

Activator of LCAT: __

A

Apo A-1

69
Q

free cholesterol is found in

A

It is found in plasma, serum and RBCs.

70
Q

It is produced via lysosomal hydrolysis and
becomes available for membrane, hormone, and
bile acid synthesis.

A

free cholesterol

71
Q

Triglycerides is also known as

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL

72
Q

TRIACYLGLYCEROL is made up of

A

1 glycerol - 3 fatty acids

73
Q

It is the main storage lipid in man (adipose tissue)

A

Triglycerides

74
Q

Constitutes 95% of stored fat and the predominant form of
glyceryl ester found in plasma.

A

Triglycerides

75
Q

It allows the body to compactly store long carbon chains
(fatty acids) for energy that can be used during fasting
states between meals

A

Triglycerides

76
Q

product of hydrolysis of triglyceride

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

77
Q

The breakdown of TAG is facilitated by __.

A

lipoprotein lipase
(LPL), epinephrine and cortisol

78
Q

percentage of triglyceridE in terms of of orrgin

A

95% dietary

79
Q

fasting hrs for triglyceride

A

10-12 hrs

80
Q

characteristic of a serum for a patient with very high triglyceride

A

lipemic

81
Q

A linear chain of C– H bonds that terminate with
carboxyl group (–COOH).

A

fatty acids

82
Q

Example: of fatty acids

A

palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic
acid and arachidonic acid

83
Q

Classification of fatty acids As to chain

A
  • Short-chain (4-6 carbon atoms),
  • medium-chain (8-12 carbon atoms) or
  • long chain (>12 carbon atoms
84
Q

Classification of fatty acids As to the number of C=C bonds

A
  • Saturated ( without double bonds) fatty acids
  • unsaturated (with double bonds) fatty acids
85
Q

fatty acid

1 doublke bond

A

mono unsaturated

86
Q

saturated fatty acids remain ___ in room and high temp

A

solid - means high melting point

87
Q

unsarturated fatty acids melting point

A

low melting point

88
Q

saturated will increase what cholesterol?

A

bad cholesterol

89
Q

unsaturated fatty acids will increase __

A

good cholesterol

90
Q

They provide the substance for conversion to glucose
(gluconeogenesis).

A

fatty acids

91
Q

Main purpose: To transport TAG and cholesterol to sites of
energy storage and utilization

A

lipoprotein

92
Q

It helps to keep the lipids in solution (solubility) during
circulation through the blood stream.

A

Apolipoprotein

93
Q

It is the largest and the least dense of the lipoprotein
particles.

A

Chylomicron (CM)

94
Q

It is produced in the intestine from dietary fat;

A

Chylomicron (CM)

95
Q

It is produced in the intestine from dietary fat;
completely cleared within 6 to 9 hours post prandial.

A

Chylomicron (CM)

96
Q

Major compositionof chylomicron

A

: 90% TAG ( non-fasting plasma) +
1-2% protein

97
Q

Apolipoproteins Chylomicron (CM)

A

Apolipoproteins: Apo B-48, Apo A-1, Apo C and Apo E

98
Q

the inability to remove chylomicron after eating is the lack of what apoliprotein

A

apo c2

99
Q

chylomicron are removed by

A

hepatic lipase which is activated by apo c2

100
Q

It transports EXOGENOUS/dietary TAG to liver, muscles
and fat depot.

A

Chylomicron

101
Q

Very Low Density Lipoprotein/Pre-Beta Lipoprotein (VLDL)

It is secreted in the

A

liver

102
Q

It transports endogenous TAG from the liver to
muscle, fat depots and peripheral tissues.

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein/Pre-Beta Lipoprotein (VLDL)

103
Q

Major composition:of vldl

A

65% TAG ( fasting plasma) + 6-
10% protein + 16% CE

104
Q

why do hdl is called as alpha lipoprotein?

A

becoz in eletrophoresis, it migrates to alpha region

105
Q

It is the smallest lipoproteins but the most dense (5-
12nm).

A

High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)

106
Q

High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)

It is produced in the

A

liver and intestine

107
Q

It transports excess cholesterol from the tissues and
return it to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport) -

A

High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)

108
Q

Major composition of hdl

A

High Density Lipoprotein/Alpha Lipoprotein (HDL)

109
Q

Major composition of hdl

A

30% phospholipid + 45-50%
protein + 20% CE

110
Q

major apolipoproteins of hdl

A

apo A

111
Q

ncep

A

national cholsterol edcation program

112
Q

(cutoff level) for hdl

A

40 mg/dL

113
Q

Interpretation of hdl

A

< 35 mg/dl - high risk for CHD ,
>60 mg/dl - high HDL (protective)

114
Q

It is the most cholesterol-rich of the lipoproteins and most
atherogenic

A

ldl

115
Q

2nd most
atherogenic lipoprotin

A

vldl

116
Q

It constitutes about 50% of the total LPP in plasma - the
major source of cholesterol for tissues.

A

Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)

117
Q

It transports cholesterol to the peripheral tissues - it carries
most of the circulating cholesterol and transports
cholesterol to hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, where it is
taken up by LDL-receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A

Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)

118
Q

It is the primary target of cholesterol lowering therapy;
primary marker for CHD risk.

A

Low Density Lipoprotein/Beta Lipoprotein (LDL)

119
Q

It is important in assessing patients with or without
coronary heart disease (CHD).

A

ldl

120
Q

Major composition of ldl

A

50% CE + 18% protein and
phospholipid

121
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (15 decks)

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