carbohydrates Flashcards
(321 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 main and primary biomolecule in our body?
A
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrates
lipids
2
Q
what are the functions of carbohydrates
A
o Provide energy to the body (main)
o Part of the structural elements of some cells and tissues
3
Q
a carbohydrate that is a complex carbohydrate
structural component of plants
A
cellulose
4
Q
Primary source for brain erythrocytes and retinal cells in human
A
carbohydrates
5
Q
Major food source and energy supply of the bod
A
carbohydrates
6
Q
carbohydrates can be Stored primarily as ___
A
liver and muscles glycogen
7
Q
Central ingredient for life
A
carbohydrates
8
Q
what are the elements or compounds comprising the carbohydrates
A
compounds containing C, H
and O
9
Q
what are the 2 main functional groups of carbohydrates
A
aldehyde
ketones
10
Q
what is the general formula for carbohydrates
A
Cx(H20)y
11
Q
why protein has a different checmical formula aside from the other biomolecules?
A
it has nitrogen
12
Q
derivatives of carbohydrates
A
phosphates, sulfates and amines
13
Q
carbohydrates are can be classified depending on the amount of sugar
name them all
A
monosaccharide
disaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide
14
Q
how many sugars are thre in oligosaccharide?
A
2-10
15
Q
how many sugar are there in polysaccharide?
A
greater than 10
16
Q
__ is the simplest carbohydrate
A
Glycol aldehyde (CHO). or glyceraldehyde
17
Q
__ is the only carbohydrate to be directly used by the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly metabolized.
A
Glucose
18
Q
The brain is completely dependent on blood glucose
for energy production -____ of glucose utilization in
resting adults accounts in the central nervous system
(CNS).
A
2/3
19
Q
Glucose metabolism generates __, __, ___as intermediate products
A
pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A
20
Q
an intermediate products that is a pathway to ATP production
A
pyruvic acid
21
Q
an intermediate product that is formed in anaerobic conditions
A
lactic acid
22
Q
what is the enzyme found in the mouth that will breakdown foods to create a polysaccharide
A
salivary amylase
23
Q
salivary amylase will breakdown __ to produce a polysaccharide called ___
A
starch; maltose
24
Q
is there a digestion of carbohydrates happening in the stomach?
A
none
25
why is there no digestion of carbohydrates happening in the stomach?
because of too high acidity caused by the hydrochloric acid making it deactivated
26
an enzyme that will help in breaking down carbs in pancreas and liver is called
pancreatic amylase
27
pancreatic amylase will breakdown ___ into shorter carbohydrate chain
dextrin
28
the enzyme sucrase will breakdown sucrose into ___
glucose and fructose
29
the enzyme maltase will breakdown between the 2 units of
2 glucose units of maltose
30
the enzyme lactase willbeakdown lactose into
galactose and glucose
31
example of reducing substances or sugars
glucose, maltose,
fructose, lactose and galactose
32
The presence of a double bond and a negative
charge in the enol anion makes ___ an active reducing substance.
glucose
33
what is the most common non reducing sugar?
sucrose
34
what does it mean to be a nonreducing sugar?
Nonreducing sugar do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde group.
35
carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbons
what is known to be a center carbon of sugar
anomeric carbon
36
3 carbon compounds is called
trioses
37
4 carbon compounds is called
tetroses
38
5 carbon compounds is called
pentoses
39
6 carbon compounds is called
hexoses
40
among the classification based on the number of carbons, which one is the most important?
pentoses
41
what will be the term for the compound if the CO functional group is a sugar
aldose
42
what will be the term for the compound if the CO functional group is a ketone
ketose
43
Models to Represent Carbohydrat
Fischer Project
Haworth Projection
44
Has the aldehyde or ketone at the top of the drawing
Fischer Projection
45
Carbons are numbered starting at the aldehyde or
ketone end
Fischer Projection
46
Straight chain or cyclic (linked in hemiacetal form)
Fischer Projection
47
Cyclic form
Haworth Projection
48
what is the fdifference between ketose and aldose in terms of the formula?
aldose C= O-H
Ketose C= O
ketose has no hydrogen attached
49
More representative of the actual structue
Haworth Projection
50
Formed when the functional group (ketone or
aldehyde) reacts with an alcohol group on the same
sugar to form a ring (hemiacetal ring)
Haworth Projection
51
Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Glycolysis (Embden Meyerhof pathway)
2. Glycogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis
4. Gluconeogenesis
52
Formation of the fatty
acid
lipogenesis
53
breakdown of fatty acid
lipolysis
54
Also known as EMBDEN MEYERHOF PATHWAY
Glycolysis
55
Occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the conversion
of glucose to pyruvate and the production of ATP and
NADH
glycolysis
56
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be
converted to ___ and this is important for muscle
tissue, which has no adequate oxygen supply.
lactate
57
glycolysis will convert GLUCOSE to ___
PYRUVATE
58
this pathway Produce ATP for cell’s energy
embden-meyerhof pathway
59
Formation of glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
60
Glycogenesis takes place in cytoplasm of___
liver and muscle
61
Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for
___
glucose and ATP
62
Process of ___ serves as built in mechanism
of the body which stores the excess carbohydrate we
consume in the form of glycogen which can be broken
down to glucose when needed
glycogenesis
63
Breakdown of glycogen to form GLUCOSE
Glycogenolysis
64
what are the hormones that promotes glycogenolysis
glucagon and epinephrine
65
what organ is producing the hormone glucagon
pancrease
66
what organ is producing the hormone epinephrine
adrenal glands
67
Formation of GLUCOSE from non-carbohydrate
sources
Gluconeogenesis
68
Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in
liver
69
the process of gluconeogenesis is For glucose dependent organs (such as
brain and muscles)
70
a process wherein Substrates such as lactate, pyruvate, amino acids
and glycerol can be converted into glucose to
maintain normal glucose level in the blood (When low
in glucose)
gluconeogenesis
71
what is the starting point of gluconeogenesis
PYRUVIC ACID
72
example of the 3 carbon compound or trioses
glyceraldehyde
73
example of the 4 carbon compound or tetroses
erythrose
74
importance of the 5 carbon compound or pentose
important for nucleic acid and neurotransmitters of the brains
75
example of a hexose or a 6 carbon compound
glucose
76
example of a sugar that has a functional group of aldehyde
glyceraldehyde
77
example of a sugar that has a functional group of ketone
dihydroxyacetone and fructose
78
what do we called a bond for connecting 2 sugars?
glycosidic bonds
79
examples of polysaccharide - more than 10 polymers of sugars
starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin
inulin
80
what are the reagents used to detect reducing sugars before?
benedict's test
and fehling's test
81
SALIVARY AMYLASE IS ALSO KWOWN AS
ptyalin hormone
82
prodcts of glycolysis
2 pyruvate
nadph
4 atp only 2 gains
83
in severe lack of ocgn or anaeroic respiration, they convert pyruvate into ___ through enzyme __
lactate or lactic acid tru lactate dehydrogenase
84
why do lactate test do not rewuire tourniquet
prolong tourniquet will introduce an anaerobic environment thus will increase the value of lactic acid --> falsely increase
85
where do glycolysis takes place?
cytoplasm
86
where do kreb's'c cyle takes place?
mitochondria
87
byproduct of glycolysis
lactate
88
starting point of fatty acids
acetyl coa
89
byproduct of kreb's cycle
ketone bodies
90
glucose transporter - that will absorvs glycose and galactose
sglt 1
91
glucose transporter that will take care of the fructose
glut 5
92
glucose transporter that will transport all the absorb glucose and fructose to the blood
GLUT 2
93
triglyceride is composed of
head and a tail
1 head - 1 molecule of glycerol
tail - 3 molecules of fatty acids
94
what is the source of ketone bodies
acetyl coa
95
relation of lipolysis to blood glucose
lipolysis or breakdown of fats means the blood glucose level is low or decreased,
96
the conversion of glucose into glucose 6 phosphate is done by the enzyme called
hexokinase
97
where does the 10% of metabolism takes place?
under the pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt
98
what is the end product of hexose monophosphate shunt
ribose 5 phosphate
99
nadh helps in
helps the rbc to form reduced gluthathione
helps in elimination of glutathione
helps rbc against reactive oxygen specie and super oxide dismutase
prtiects rbc membrane from degradation
100
low nadh will cause
intravascular hemolysis
101
a production or formation of glycogen in liver is done by what enzyme
glucokinase
102
a production or formation of glycogen in muscle is done by what enzyme
hexokinase
103
the major hyperglycemic agent
glucagon
104
the only hypoglycemic agent
insulin
105
pancreas works as an endocrine and exocrine gland
endocrin
exocrine
endocrine - directly to the blood
exocrine - needs glands and sacs to excrete
106
3 hormones that the pancrease secrete
insulin, glucagon, somastotin
107
pancreas as an exocrine gland , it will secrete
pancreatic amylase
108
it promotes the uptake if the glucose into the cell
insulin
109
the primary hormone responsible for the entry of the cell
insulin
110
where do we store insulin
liver, fat , and muscles
111
Serum insulin measurements may be falsely low in
the presence of ___.
hemolysis
112
It is synthesized by the a-cells of the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas.
Glucagon
113
Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations is normally
25-50 pg/mL.
114
It is released during stress and fasting states.
Glucagon
115
These are secreted by the cells of the zona
fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal
cortex.
Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticosteroids)
116
They decreased intestinal entry of glucose into the
cell.
Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticosteroids)
117
Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticosteroids)
They promote __ and __.
gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
118
These are released from the chromaffin cells of the
adrenal medulla (middle of adrenal glands)
Catecholamines
119
they Inhibit insulin secretion and promotes
glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
Catecholamines
120
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Growth hormone (Somatotrophic)
121
It decreases entry of glucose into the cell.
Growth hormone (Somatotrophic)
122
Growth hormone (Somatotrophic)
It promotes ___ and ___.
glycogenolysis and glycolysis
123
It promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and
intestinal absorption of glucose.
Thyroid hormone
124
It stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal
cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
125
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
It promotes __- and ___
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
126
It is produced by the delta cells of the islets of
Langerhans of the pancreas.
Somatostatin
127
It is also synthesized in the paraventricular and
arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine
hormone
Somatostatin
128
Somatostatin
It primarily inhibits the action of __
of insulin, growth
hormone and glucagon
129
It is an increase in blood glucose concentration.
Hyperglycemia
130
It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin
secretion
Hyperglycemia
131
problem in corticosteroids has a common disease called
cushing's disease
132
Laboratory Findings in Hyperglycemia
2. Increase urine specific gravity
3. Ketones in serum and urine
4. Decrease blood and urine pH (acidosis)
5. Electrolyte imbalance ( Na+, K+, HCO3)
133
a normal fbs glucose level
70-99 mg/dl - book basd
>126 - stan bio
134
100 - 105 mg/dl in fbs is considred
impaired
135
> 126 mg/dl is
diabetic
136
3important ketone bodies
b-hydroxybutiric acid 78%
acetoacetate 20%
acetone 2%
137
acetoacetate is used to be measured using
gerhardt's - colored red
138
to detect acetone, we add ___ in gerhard'ts
glycerin
139
how to measure b-hydroxybutyric acid
use enzymatic method
140
in electrolyte imbalance caused by hyperglycemia, which electrolytes increase and decreases?
Na and HCo3 decrease
potassium increase
141
type of diabetes has increase ketone?
tpe 1 DM
142
A diagnosis of hypoglycemia should not be made
unless a patient meets the criteria of ___
Whipple’s triad
143
Can cause comatose
hypoglycemia
144
Whipple's triad is a collection of three criteria (called
Whipple's criteria)
1. Symptoms known or likely to be caused by
hypoglycemia especially after fasting to an
external site. or heavy exercise
2. A low plasma glucose measured at the time of the symptoms
3. Relief of symptoms when the glucose level is
raised
145
range glucagon and other glycemic
hormones are released into the circulation
65mg/dL to 70mg/dL
146
- strongly suggest hypoglycemia (series of
random fasting serum specimens)
<60 mg/dl
147
observable symptoms of
hypoglycemia appear
50mg/dl to 55 mg/dl
148
A blood glucose level ___ in
infants is considered abnormal and requires
diagnostic assessment.
50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)
149
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Neurogenic
Neuroglycopenic
150
Neurogenic Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
tremors, palpitations, anxiety,
diaphoresis
151
Neuroglycopenic Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
dizziness, tingling, blurred vision,
confusion, behavioral changes
152
Classification of Hypoglycemia
Drug administration
Critical illnesses
Hormonal deficiency
Endogenous hyperinsulinism
Autoimmune hypoglycemia
Non-beta cell tumors
Hypoglycemia of infancy and childhood
Alimentary (reactive) hypoglycemia
Idiopathic
153
a 5 hr glucose tolerance test is suggested to observe the hypoglycemic "___" which is often not seen until after 3 hrs
dip
154
determines fasting hypoglycemia with blood samples drawn at 2 mns to 2 hrs interval (6 specimens) to measure glucose and insulin
tolbutamide tolerance test
155
determines reactive hypoglycemia by measuring the response of insulin to a cocktail mean, which is a mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats,
mixed meal tolerance test
156
mixed meal tolerance test will drawn sample at ___ MNS
15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes
157
in the traditional diagnostic test for hypoglycemia, blood should be drawn every __- hrs to measure glucose, c peptide, insulin, and pro insulin, and ketone bodies
6 hrs
158
in traditional diagnostic test for hypoglycemia, the fasting procedure must be stopped if the plasma glucose level decreases to less than ___
45 mg/dl
159
how alcohol decrease glucose
alcohol inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis
increase glycogen phosphorylase activity
160
alimentary (reactive) hypoglycemia occurs usually within how many hrs after eating a meal
4 hrs after eating a meal
161
alimentary or reactive hypoglycemia is formerly known as
postprandial hypoglycemia
162
fasting hypoglycemia is previously called as
postabsorptive hypoglycemia
163
the intentional attempt to induce low blood glucose levels
factitious hypoglycemia
164
results from exogenous self administration of insulin or insulin secretagogues medications
factitious hypoglycemia
165
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, receptors, or both
DM
166
fasting plasma glucose concentration of more than 126 mg/dl on more than one testing is a diagnostic of
DM
167
the presence of ___ is a frequent finding in individuals with severe, uncontrolled diabetes
ketone bodies
168
it develops in DMA from excessive synthesis of acetyl-CoA, as the body attemps to obtain required energy from stored fat in the absence of an adequate carbs metabolites
ketosis
since si glucose di nagagamit for cells, ang gagamitin ni body is fats
169
in DM, what is the ratio of b-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate
6:1
170
the entire process of ketosis can be reversed by
insulin administration
171
in the presence of normal renal function, plasma glucose "period of plateau" that is around ___, that is, the renal excretion will match the overproduction casing the plateau
300 mg/dl - 500 mg/dl
172
electrolyte that will increase in DM due to acidosis caused by ketoacidosis
potassium = hyperkalemia
173
type 1 DM former names
insulin dependent DM
juvenile onset DMA
brittle diabetes
ketosis-prone diabetes
174
result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the b cells of the pancreas
type 1 dm
175
type of DM that has insulinopenia (absolute insulin deficiency ) due to loss of pancreatic b cells
which will make the patient depend in the insulin to sustain life and prevent ketosis
type 1 dm
176
how many percent of reduction in the volume of the b cell in pancreas is required to induce symptomatic type 1 DM
80-90%
which means only after most of the beta cells are destroyed that hyperglycemia develops
177
individuals with type 1 dm have high titers of ___
multiple autoantibodies such as
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)
and insulin autoantibodies (IAA)
178
among the multiple autoantibodies for patients with type 1 dm
which one is more common in young children
insulin autoantibodies
179
among the multiple autoantibodies for patients with type 1 dm
which one is more common in adults
glutamic acid decarboxylase
180
this form of type 1 dm has no known etiology, and is strongly inherited
idiopathic type 1 dm
181
describe as type 1a or 1.5 DM
latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA )
182
referred to as the slow immune-mediated DM or the slowly progressive insulin-dependent type 1 DM
LADA
183
also known as the fulminant type 1 dm
idiopathic dm
or type type 1b dm
184
characterized by rapid and complete b cell destruction
idiopathic type 1b dm
185
subset of type 1 dm with aggressive progression of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
idiopathic type 1 dm
186
type 2 dm is also known as
non insulin dependent dm
adult type/maturity onset diabetes mellitus
stable diabetes
ketosis-resistant diabetes
receptor-deficient diabetes mellitus
187
describe as the hyperglycemia due to an individual's resistance to insulin with defective insulin secretion
type 2 dm
188
described as a geneticist's nightmare
type 2 dm
189
type of dm with strong genetic predisposition and not usually related to an autoimmune disease
type 2 dm
190
difference of complication of type 1 and 2 dm
type 1 dm = microvascular complication
type 2 dm = macrovascular complication and microvascular complication
191
it is recommended that adults at age of ___ and older must be screened for DM every 3 yrs
45
192
the screening and diagnosis of GDM is through
2 hr ogtt
193
diagnostic criteria for GDM is
FBS - > 92mg/dl
1 hr sample gct - 180/mg/dl
2 hr sample - 153mg/dl
194
also known as the type 3c DM
pancreatogenic diabetis mellitus
195
it develops as an outcome of a pancreatic disease such as chronic pancreatitis or carcinoma
type 3 dm
196
type 3c is characterized by
insulin deficiency and loss of pancreatic polypeptide
197
the standard clinical specimen for glucose is
venous plasma glucose
198
fasting whole blood is 10 - 15% lower than the fasting serum or plasma because of
dilution
199
a serum sample for glucose is appropriate for glucose testing within 30 mns, if not, what preservative must be added to prevent glycolysis
sodium fluoride
200
venous blood glucose is __- lower than the capillary blood due t0 ___
-2-5 mg/dl due to tissue metabolism
201
csf glucose presentation should be ___ % of the plasma concentration
60%
202
peritoneal plasma glucose level compared to plasma glucose level
the same
203
at room temp 20-25*C, glycolysis decreases glucose by ____ in normal uncentrifued coagulated blood
7mg/dl/hr
204
at refrigerated temp 4*C, glycolysis decreases glucose by ____
glucose is metabolized at the rate of about 2 mg/dl/hr
205
effect of leukemia to glucose testing
leukemia tend to increase glycolysis
causing false decrease
206
in samples without contamination and leukocytosis the sample is clinically acceptable even after a delay up to ___ before separation of serum and cells
90 mns
8 hrs in 25*C
72 hrs in 4*C
207
the sample for blood glucose should be drawn at least how many minutes before the lumbar puncture
60 mns
208
for better correlation with fasting plasma glucose and clinical interpretation, csf should be collected after __ hrs of fasting
4-6 hrs
209
what are the chemical method for glucose determination
alkaline copper reduction method
alkaline ferric reduction method
210
methods under the alkaline copper reduction method
folin wi
nelson somogyi
neocuproine (2,9 dimethyl 1,10 phenantroline hydrochloride)
benedict's method
211
method under alkaline copper reduction method
that is the modification of folin wu
benedict's method
212
under alkaline copper reduction method
explain the process
alkaline copper tartrate --> glucose and heat --> cuprous ions
213
what is added in folin wu to detect glucose
cuprous ions + phosphomolybdate
= phosphomolybdic acid or phosphomolybdenum blue
214
what is added in nelson-somogyi to detect glucose
cuprous ions + arsenomolybdate
= arsenomolybdic acid or arsenomolybdenum blue
215
among the alkaline copper reduction method which one is the most accurate but labor intensive and difficult to automate
nelson-somogyi
216
what is added in neocuproine to detect glucose
cuprous ions + neocuproine
= cuprous-neocuproine complex (yellow or yellow orange complex)
217
an alkalin reduction method that is used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine
benedict's method
218
stailizing agent of benedict's method
citrate or tartrate
219
it involves reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
alkaline ferric reduction method (hagedorn-jensen)
220
condensation method of glucose determination
ortho-toluidine
221
ortho-toluidine is also k=called as
dubowski method
222
end color for dubowski method
green
223
it measures b-d glucose
colorimetric glucose oxidase method
224
colorimetric glucose oxidase method is also called as
trinder
225
colorimetric glucose oxidase method or trinder contains what enzyme reagent
mutarotase enzyme reagent
226
inhibitors of colorimetric glucose oxidase method
ascorbic acid
bilirubin
creatinine
uric acid
l dopa drug
227
measures the rate of oxygen consumption which is proportional to glucose concentration
polarographic glucose oxidase method
228
glucose oxidase in the reagent catalyzes h\the oxidation of glucose by oxygen under first order conditions, forming hydrogen peroxide
polarographic glucose oxidase method
229
in polarographic glucose oxidase method
hydrogen peroxide is prevented from reforming oxygen by adding
molybdate, iodide, catalase, or ethanol
230
the enzymatic conversion of glucose is quantitated by the consumption of oxygen on an oxygen-sensing electrode
polarographic glucose oxidase method
231
purpose of catalase in polarographic glucose oxidase method
inhibits reversible movement of hydrogen peroxide back to the sample chamber that may cause interference analysis
232
is the most specific enzymatic method for glucose determination
hexokinase method
233
routine method for measurement of glucose
hexokinase method
234
hexokinase method
plasma collected using what AG
heparin, edta, fluoride, oxalate, citrate
235
in hexokinase method, the G-6-PD in the reagent is derived usually from
yeast
236
the presence of bleach in the glucose oxidase method can cause __
false increase of glucose
237
hexokinase method is measured in spectrophotometer at __nm
340
238
hexokinase method depends on the reduction of __ at 340 nm
NAD to NADH
239
in this method, glucose is reduced to produce CHROMOPHORE that is measured spectrophotometrically or with the use of an electrical current
glucose dehydrogenase method
240
it provides results in close agreement with the hexokinase procedure
glucose dehydrogenase method
241
in glucose dehydrogenase method, what is the purpose of MTT or mutarotase
to shorten the time necessary to reach equilibrium
242
mtt or mutarotase is the dye chemically known as
3,(4-5-dimethy-thiazol-2-yl)- 2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
243
this procedure is less affected by anticoagulants and indigenous analytes in plasma
glucose dehydrogenase method
244
causes of false decreased plasma glucose level in glucose oxidase method
ascorbic acid
bilirubin
uric acid
gluthathione
creatinine
l cysteine
l dopa
dopamine
methyldopa
citric acid
245
how hemolysis affects hexokinase method
false decrease of plasma glucose
246
effect of lipemia and icteresia in hexokinase method
positive interferences - falsely increase
247
hexokinase method is not affected by
ascorbic acid or uric acid only glucose oxidase method
248
it is important in establishing correct insulin amount for the next dose
dextrostics (cellular strip)
249
effective in reducing the rate of development of diabetic complications
dextrostics (cellular strips )
250
measuring device for continuous monitoring of glucose in persons with DM
interstitial glucose measuring device
251
this glucose trend analysis can reveal useful findings for modifying treatment, such as unsuspected nocturnal hypoglycemia or postprandial hyperglycemia
interstitial glucose measuring device
252
sample for glucose measurement that is requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemic ketonic coma
random blood sugar
253
a measure of overall glucose homeostasis
fasting blood sugar
254
when glucose is used to diagnose diabetes, the guideline recommends it to
measured in venous plasma in an accredited laboratory
255
requirement for fasting blood sugar
at least 8 hrs prior to sample collection - NPO
256
fbs non DM values
70-99 mg/dl
257
fbs DM values
>126mg/dl
258
characterized by fasting blood glucose concentration between normal and diabetic values
impaired fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dl
259
for children, the plasma glucose concentration for non diabetic is
60-100 mg/dl
260
it measures the response of the body to a full meal
2 hr post prandial blood sugar
261
it measures how the body metabolize glucose
2 hr postprandial blood sugar
262
non dm for 2 hr postprandial
<140 mg/dl
263
dm for 2hr post prandial
>140 mg/dl
264
a multiple blood sugar test
glucose tolerance test
265
used to determine how well the body metabolizes glucose over a period of time
gtt
266
aids in the diagnosis of gestational DM and cystic fibrosis related DM
GTT
267
2 kinds of glucose tolerance test
oral and intravenous
268
types of oral glucose tolerance test
janney-isaacson method - single dose method
exton rose method - divided or double dose method
si janney single, si rose hindi
269
plasma glucose level after intake of glucose load
in 30 mns
30-60 mg/dl above fasting
270
plasma glucose level after intake of glucose load
in 1 hr
20-50 mg/dl above fasting
271
plasma glucose level after intake of glucose load
in 2 hrs
5-15 mg/dl above fasting
272
plasma glucose level after intake of glucose load
in 3 hr
fasting level or below
273
it is recommended for DM patients with gastrointestinal disorders
intravenous glucose tolerance tets
274
sample required for intravenous glucose tolerance test
fasting blood sample
275
glucose load of ___ g per kg of body weight is required for intravenous glucose tolerance test
0.5 g, administered intravenously within 3 mns
276
the second blood collection in IVGTT is
after 5 mns of IV glucose
277
indications of IVGTT -
conditions when we should only administer IVGTT
unable to tolerate large carbohydrate load
with altered gastric physiology
post gastric surgery
with chronic malabsorption syndrome
278
requirements for OGTT
patient should be ambulatory
unrestricted diet of 150 grams of carbs/day for 3 days to testing
fasting 8-14 hrs
glucose load
- standard of 75 grams
- 1.75 g per kg for children , max of 75 grams
- additional 100 grams for 2 step OGTT
279
the patient must drink the glucose load within how many minutes for OGTT
5 mns
280
conversion factor for blood glucose level mg/dl to mmol/L is
0.0555
281
the glucose concentration in 24 hr urine is about
1-15 mg/dl
282
HbA1c is also known as
glycosylated hemoglobin
glycated hemoglobin
283
a stable ketoamine and a product of a covalent reaction between glucose and the a-amino group of the b-chain of hemoglobin
glycosylated hemoglobin
284
how HbA1c is formed
from the non enzymatic reaction between the glucose and the n-terminal end of the b chain of hemoglobin
producing a schiff base which is then converted into amadori products such as the HbA1c
285
it is the large subfraction of normal hemoglobin A in both diabetic and non diabetic individuals
HbA1c
286
it represents a weighted average of glucose levels, with the youngest red blood cells contributing to the measurement
glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c
287
it monitors long-term glucose control or treatment of DM
HbA1cq
288
it reflects the average blood glucose level over the previous 2-4 months
hba1c
289
is Diet has an effect to Hba1c measurement
naur, dietary status on the day of the test has no effect on hba1c
290
specimen for HbA1c
edta whole blood
291
interferences in HbA1c
alcohol
vitamins - retinol and ascorbate
drugs - salicylates and opiates
carbamylated, abnormal hemoglobins
292
normal HbA1c
<5.7%
293
impaired HbA1c
5.7% - 6.4%
294
DM HbA1c
> or = 6.5 % at least on 2 occasions
295
HbA1c false decreased
shortened rbc survial
hemolytic anemia
recent blood transfusion
recovery from acute blood loss
hemoglobinopathies
chronic liver disease
hypertriglyceridemia
use of antimicrobials
vitamins c and e
poisoning due to salicylates and lead
296
for every 1% change in HbA1c how many glucose is added to plasma
35 mg/dl
297
diagnostic criteria for DM
fbs >= 126 mg/dl
2hr ogtt => 200 mg/dl
hba1c >= 6.5 %
pwede rin rbs reaching >200mg/dl as an adjunct marker to consider DM
298
reflection of short term glucose control over a period of 2-3 weeks
fructosamine
299
useful in monitoring diabetic individuals with chronic hemolytic anemia, hemoglobin variants and those individuals with dcreased rbc lifespan disorders
fructosamine
300
fructosamine should not be measured in cases of low plasma __
albumin
301
fructosamine is mostly composed of
glycosylated or glycated albumin; remaning portions are globulins and lipoproteins
302
it determines glycemic control earlier than fructosamine
1,5 anhydroglucitol
303
reflects 1-2 weeks postprandial glycemia
1,5 anhydroglucitol
304
it has low level in the presence of hyperglycemia
1,5 anhydroglucitol
305
a congenital deficiency of one of three enzymes involved in galactose metabolism
galactosemia
306
galactosemia has 3 enzymes involved
galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyl transferase
galactokinase
uridine diphosphate galactose 4 epimerase
307
a csf glucose level of __ is considered abnormal
<40 mg/dl
308
markedly decrease CSF glucose with leukocytosis means
bacterial meningitis
309
a medical condition characterized by sterile meningitis that usually develops in certain patients after neurosurgical procedures
chemical meningitis
310
is formed during the conversion of pro insulin to insulin
c peptide
311
mainky evaluates hypogycemia and continuous assessment of b cell function
c peptide
312
is recommended when plasma glucose reached 300 mg/dl
ketone test
313
the normal ratio of b hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetic acid is
1:1
314
it deetermines the endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 dm
mixed meal tolerance test
315
measures glucose tolerance in response to a meal induced hyperglycemia
mixed meal tolerance test
316
an increase in acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of
carbohydrtaes
317
gerhardt's ferric chloride test reacts only with
acetoacetate
318
nitroprusside test is __ more sensitive to
10x more sensitive to acetoacetate than to acetone
319
acetest tablest
detects acetoacetate and acetone (lesser degree )
320
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