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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > finals - protein 2 > Flashcards

finals - protein 2 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a small heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac
muscles.

A

myoglobin

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2
Q

It transports and stores oxygen from hemoglobin to
intracellular respiratory enzymes of contractile cells

A

myoglobin

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3
Q

It has higher affinity for oxygen than does
hemoglobin

A

myoglobin

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4
Q

It has a molecular weight of only 18 kDa, thus,
__ apparently leaks from damaged cells more
rapidly than other proteins.

A

myoglobin

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5
Q

It is a potential __ it has to be excreted when
plasma concentration exceeds reference ranges,

A

nephrotoxin

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6
Q

It is a marker for chest pain (angina) and early
detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

EARLIEST MARKER OF HEART ATTACK

A

MYOGLOBIN

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7
Q

It is a useful marker for monitoring the success or
failure of reperfusion

A

myoglobin

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8
Q

Increased myoglobin are seen in

A

AMI, angina, rhabdomyolysis, muscle
trauma, extrenous exercise, intramuscular injection
and acute renal failure

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9
Q

myoglobin is measured by ____

A

It is measured in serum by immunoassay

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10
Q

At high levels in urine (myoglobinuria), it produces a
positive dipstick reaction for occult bloo due to
__

A

pseudoperoxidase activity

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11
Q

AMI value of myoglobin

A

> 100 u

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12
Q

These are complex of three proteins (regulatory
proteins) that bind to the thin filaments of cardiac
muscles.

A

Troponins (Tn)

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13
Q

These are regulators of actin and myos

A

troponins (Tn)

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14
Q

troponins that are present in both cardiac and skeletal
muscles

A

TnC, Tnl, TnT

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15
Q

___binds calcium ions that regulate muscle
contraction

A

TnC

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16
Q

Reference value of troponins

A

:< 0.1 ng/ml (< 0.1 ug/L)

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17
Q

The most important marker for cardiac injury
(AMI) they are derived from heart muscles

A

troponins

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18
Q

a troponin that is is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of AMI.

A

troponin T

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19
Q

It is a very sensitive indicator of even minor amount
of cardiac necrosis.

A

troponin I

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20
Q

It is highly specific for AMI - not elevated in renal
failure patients and no detectable amount in the
skeletal muscles.

A

troponin I

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21
Q

It is a cardiac marker. - marker for congestive heart failure

A

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

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22
Q

It increases in response to peptide (BNP) ventricular
systolic and diastolic dysfunction and is diagnostic of
congestive heart failure

A

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

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23
Q

It is a low molecular weight protein and a cysteine
proteinase inhibitor.

A

cystatin C

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24
Q

It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and completely
reabsorbed and catabolized by the proximal
convoluted tubule it is produced and destroyed at a
constant rate.

A

cystatin C

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25
Q

It has been included in the list of endogenous renal
marker owing for its sensitivity for determining the
glomerular filtration rate.

A

cystatin C

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26
Q

It has been proposed as an alternate test for serum
creatinine and creatinine clearance test to screen and
monitor kidney dysfunction

A

cystatin c

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27
Q

cystatin C may be especially useful in those cases where
creatinine measurement is not appropriate, such as
in__

A

liver disease, obesity or those with muscular
disease.

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28
Q

cystatin C may increased in

A

renal disease

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29
Q

cystatin C method of analysis

A

particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetry,
immunonephelometry

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30
Q

The presence of urine __ is generally
considered abnormal even in trace amounts.

A

albumin

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31
Q

Some healthy individuals exhibit albuminuria
following __

A

intense exercise

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32
Q

Urine protein of __ produces color change on
urine dipstick

A

26 mg/dl

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33
Q

Proteinuria (__) results from either glomerular or tubular dysfunction.

A

> 0.5g/day

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34
Q

It is an EARLY indicator of glomerular dysfunction and
precedes nephropathy associated with type 1
diabetes.

A

Microalbuminuria

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35
Q

Physiologic increase of microalbuminuria

A

physical exercise during the
previous 24 hours

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36
Q

Increased Microalbuminuria are seen in

A

diabetic nephropathy, fever, infection and
hypertension

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37
Q

CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma formed in the
__ of the ventricles of the brain

A

choroids plexus

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38
Q

Reference value of csf protein:

A

15-45mg/dL

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39
Q

CSF albumin: re range

A

10-30 mg/dL (2/3 of the CSF total
protein

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40
Q

It is inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism

A

Aminoacidopathies

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41
Q

It exist in either the activity of a specific enzyme in the
metabolic pathway or in the membrane transport
system for amino acids

A

Aminoacidopathies

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42
Q

It is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by
the absence of homogentisate oxidase in

A

Alkaptonuria

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43
Q

alkaptonuria
__ (tissue pigmentation)

A

Clinical feature: ochronosis

44
Q

Diagnostic indicator of alkaltonuria

A

darkening of urine upon
standing at room temperature

45
Q

It is characterized by impaired activity of cystathionine
B-synthetase.

A

Homocystinuria

46
Q

It results to elevated levels of homocysteine and
methionine in blood and urine.

A

Homocystinuria

47
Q

It is characterized by markedly reduced or absence of
a-ketoacid decarboxylase.

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

48
Q

It results to accumulation of branched-chain amino
acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) in blood, urine
and CSF

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

49
Q

Clinical features of Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

___

A

failure to thrive, muscular rigidity,
mental retardation, hypoglycemia

50
Q

It is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by the
deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase
(PAH)/phenylalanine-4-mono-oxygenase,
which
catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosin

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

51
Q

It is characterized by the presence of phenylpyruvic
acid (prime metabolite) in both blood and urine in
elevated concentration.

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

52
Q

It is characterized by the deficiency of either of these
enzymes:
✓ tyrosine aminotransferase (tyrosinemia II);
✓ 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase (tyrosinemia III);
fumarylacetoacetate FAA
hydrolase (tyrosinemia I)

A

Tyrosinemia

53
Q

tyrosinemia

Deficiency of these enzymes would lead to __

A

liver
damage or cirrhosis

54
Q

rough measure of all the proteins
in the plasma; can reflect nutritional status kidney,
and liver disease

A

Total protein test - rough measure of all the proteins
in the plasma; ca

55
Q

An increase in total plasma proteins, is not an actual
disease state but is the result of the underlying cause,
dehydration

A

Hyperproteinemia

56
Q

most common disorder in Hyperproteinemia

A

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

57
Q

In plasma, both the total protein and non-protein
nitrogenous compounds, such as urea and creatinine,
are measured

A

Total Nitrogen

58
Q

The method for total nitrogen analysis uses
___

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

59
Q

The specimen most often used to determine the total
protein is __ rather than plasma (interference
may occur in presence of lipemia)

A

SERUM

60
Q

The reference interval for serum total protein is ___ g/dL (65 to 83 g/L)

A

6.5 - 8.3

61
Q

Digestion of protein;
measurement of
nitrogen content

A

Kjeldahl

62
Q

Reference method for total protein determination

assume average nitrogen content of
16%

A

Kjeldahl

63
Q

Measurement of
refractive index due
to solutes in serum

A

Refractometry

64
Q

RAPID AND SIMPLE,
assume nonprotein
solids are present in
same concentration as
in the calibrating serum

A

Refractometry

65
Q

Formation of violet
colored chelate
between Culons and
peptide bonds

A

Bluret

66
Q

Routine method,
requires at least two
peptide bonds and an
alkaline medium

A

biuret

67
Q

a total protein method that is only for Research use

A

Dye binding

68
Q

albumin method

Labor
intensive

A

salt precipitation

69
Q

albumin method

Globulins are
precipitated in
high salt
concentrations
albumin in
supernatant is
quantitated by
biuret reaction

A

salt precipitation

70
Q

albumin

Sensitive
overestimates
low albumin
levels, most
commonly
used dye

A

BCG (bromocresol green

71
Q

albumin method

Specific, sensitive, precise

A

BCP (bromocresol purple)

72
Q

albumin methods

Accurate gives overview of
relative changes in different
protein fractions

Proteins
separated
based on
electric char

A

Electrophoresis

73
Q

It is a process wherein filter paper is used as an
anticonvection support medium thus permitting
separation of the protein fractions into discrete bands
or zones.

A

Zonal Electrophore

74
Q

Among the solid support media, __ and ___ have predominated in the laboratory due to
their ease of use, low cost and commercial
availability.

A

cellulose acetate and agarose

75
Q

Standard dyes used in Electrophoresis

For serum protein electrophoresis

A

➢ Coomasic Brilliant Blue
➢ Ponceau S
➢ Amido Black

76
Q

Standard dyes used in Electrophoresis

For lipoproteins

A

➢ Oil Red 0
➢ Sudan Blac

77
Q

Standard dyes used in Electrophoresis

For glycoproteins

A

➢ Periodic Add Schiff

78
Q

Gel Filtration

A

Column Separation

79
Q

The order of protein elution is by molecular weight or
size from largest first to smallest last.

A

Column Separation

80
Q

it is necessary to apply the sample in a small and
uniform volume because all protein species
continuously move through a gel filtration column all
at the same time but with different rates.

A

Column Separation

81
Q

It is based on the charge of proteins which binds to
heads of a charged support medium

A

Ion Exchange Chromatograph

82
Q

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE)

principle

A

Migration of charged particles in an electric
field

83
Q

The single most significant clinical application of SPE
is
for the identification of monoclonal spike of
immunoglobulins and differentiating them from
polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia.

A

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE)

84
Q

___ produces a pattern of acute
inflammation associated with tissue injury, is elevated acute phase reactants (AAT, haptoglobin,
alpha-1 antichymotrypsin).

A

Myocardial infarction

85
Q

Normal SPE Patter

A

albumin
a1
a2
beta
gamma

86
Q

fastest band - most anodal
protein

A

albumin

87
Q

glycoproteins,
AAT, AAG, thyroxine binding-globulin (TBG). It
increases as a non-specific response to inflammation.

A

Alpha 1- Globulin (2nd fastest band

88
Q

haptoglobin, AMG, ceruloplasmin A

A

Alpha 2-Globulin (3rd band fastest band)-

89
Q

transferrin, beta
lipoprotein, hemopexin, complement (C3 and C4)

A

Beta-globulin (4th band)

90
Q

(5th band; slowest band) -
immunoglobulin and CRP

A

Gamma-globulin

91
Q

Abnormal Serum Electrophoretic Patterns

Gamma spike

A

Multiple myeloma

92
Q

Abnormal Serum Electrophoretic Patterns

Beta-gamma bridging:

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

93
Q

Abnormal Serum Electrophoretic Patterns

a2-globulin band spike

A

Nephrotic syndrome

94
Q

Abnormal Serum Electrophoretic Patterns

al-globulin flat curve

A

Juvenile cirrhosis (AAT
deficiency

95
Q

Abnormal Serum Electrophoretic Patterns

Spikes of a1, a2 and B globulin bands

A

inflammation

96
Q

It is an alternative test to chemical analysis of
serum total proteins. It is based on measurement
of refractive index of solutes in serum

A

Refractometry

97
Q

These methods utilize sulfosalicylic acid and or
trichloroacetic acid. Measurement depends on
the formation of a uniform fine precipitate which
scatters
incident
light
in
suspension
(nephelometry) or block light (turbidimetr

A

Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Methods

98
Q

Globulins can be separated from albumin by salting
out procedures using sodium sal

A

Salt Fractionation

99
Q

Salt Fractionation
Reagent: __

A

sodium sulfate salt

100
Q

in salt fractionation, it precipitates what and what is the supernant?

A

precipitates globulin
supernation albumin

101
Q

It is the hereditary absence of albumin or
inability to synthesize albumin.

A

Analbuminemia

102
Q

It is the presence of two albumin bands
instead of a single band in electrophores

A

Bisalbuminemia

103
Q

It is the presence of albumin with unusual
molecular characteristics in the blood.
* It is associated with excess amount of
therapeutic drugs in serum

A

Bisalbuminemia

104
Q

It is determine to validate if globulin is higher than
albumin.

A

Albumin / Globulin Ratio

105
Q

If globulin is greater than albumin it is known as inverted A/G ratio seen in ___

A

cirrhosis, multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia.

106
Q

Reference value of AG ratio: __

A

1.3-3:1

107
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (22 decks)

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