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Comparative > Ruminant Head & Neck Osteology (28) > Flashcards

Ruminant Head & Neck Osteology (28) Flashcards

Dr. Concha

1
Q

Bovines have a large frontal bone with ______

A

cornual processes

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2
Q

What is this structure?

A

intercornual protuberance

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3
Q

What is the bovine temporal line?

A

bony prominence used as a landmark to locate the cornual nerve

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4
Q

What is the bovine temporal fossa?

A

small fossa compared with carnivores

  • gets in a very lateral position and is small due to large frontal bone

temporal muscle is therefore very small

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5
Q

What are some palpable structures in the bovine skull?

A

temporal line
facial tuberosity

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6
Q

The nasal bone is stronger in [equine/bovine]

A

bovine

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7
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. intercornual protuberance
  2. temporal line
  3. nasal bone (process)
  4. temporal fossa
  5. facial tuberosity
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8
Q

The _______ is the dorsal border of the temporal fossa

A

temporal line

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9
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. temporal line
  2. intercornual protuberance
  3. temporal fossa
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10
Q

What is special about the ruminant incisive bone?

A

NO dental alveoli in incisive bone

this area is covered by a fibrous tissue called a dental pad

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11
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. palatine fissure
  2. dental pad of incisive bone
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12
Q

What is a dental pad?

A

fibrous tissue that covers incisive bone

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13
Q

What is the palatine fissure?

A

large fissure between incisive bone and maxilla
- elongated

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14
Q

What is modified regarding the round foramen and orbital fissure?

A

it combined to be the orbitorotundum foramen

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15
Q

What is the orbitorotundum foramen a combination of?

A

round foramen
orbital fissure

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16
Q

What nerves occupy the orbitorotundum foramen?

A

trigeminal nerve V1 and V2 branches (ophthalmic & maxillary nerves)

motor nerves for the eye - CN III, CN IV, CN VI

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17
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. orbitorotundum foramen
  2. foramen ovale
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18
Q

What is this?

A

umbilical appendix - NOT penis

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19
Q

What sinus in the skull is huge in the ruminant?

A

frontal sinus

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20
Q

What are the parts of the frontal sinus in the bovine?

A

caudal
medial rostral
middle rostral
lateral rostral

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21
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. caudal
  2. medial rostral
  3. middle rostral
  4. lateral rostral
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22
Q

What is this? Its function?

A

frontal sinus

communicate with nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is this? Its function?

A

cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus

communicate with frontal sinus (which then communicates with nasal cavity)

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24
Q

List the layers of the horn from superficial to deep

A

horn tubules made by keratin
dermis: vessels & nerves
cornual process of frontal bone
cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus

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25
Q

If you dehorn as a [adult/calf], you will open the frontal sinus

A

adult

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26
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. horn tubules made by keratin
  2. cornual process of frontal bone
  3. cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus
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27
Q

The dermis containing vessels and nerves in the horn are between what layers?

A

horn tubules made by keratin
cornual process of frontal bone

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28
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. horn tubules made by keratin
  2. dermis: vessels and nerves (corium)
  3. cornual process of frontal bone
  4. mucosa of the cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus
  5. cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus
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29
Q

What can occur if horns fracture?

A

osteomyelitis
sinusitis

30
Q

Both these animals were dehorned and became sick with sinusitis. What is a cause of this?

A

the cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus was exposed which can create infection if prevention not put in place for bacteria to get in

31
Q

Why are ruminants dehorned?

A

done to prevent accidents

32
Q

What is the difference between disbudding and dehorning?

A

disbudding: refers to the destruction or excision of horn-producing cells before skull attachment

dehorning: involves the excision of the horn after skull attachment

33
Q

What is this?

A

maxillary sinus

34
Q

How does the maxillary sinus in ruminants differ than in equines?

A

maxillary sinus is not divided in the ruminant like in the horse

35
Q

What is the lacrimal bulla?

A

caudal expansion of the maxillary sinus

36
Q

What is this?

A

lacrimal bulla

37
Q

T/F: The lacrimal bulla is a very thin layer of bone

A

TRUE

38
Q

The maxillary sinus communicates with the ______

A

nasal cavity

39
Q

What must you be careful of in a bovine eye enucleation?

A

lacrimal bulla

if you broke it, you would leave the maxillary sinus open to infection

40
Q

What is this?

A

palatine sinus

41
Q

The palatine sinus is an extension of ______

A

hard palate

42
Q

What is this?

A

palatine sinus

43
Q

What are the muscles of the bovine that was stressed in class?

A

parotidauricularis
depressor labii inferioris m.
buccinator m.

44
Q

What muscle of the face is larger in ruminants than equine? Its function?

A

buccinator m.

to chew cud

45
Q

Identify these muscles

A

purple: depressor labii inferioris m.
pink: buccinator m.
orange: parotidauricularis m.

46
Q

Which muscle goes to the lateral commissure of the lips?

A

zygomaticus m.

47
Q

What is #1, 1’? #2? #10?

A

1, 1’: levator labii superioris m.
2. levator labii superioris m.
10. frontalis m.

48
Q

What are ruminant-specific branches of V2?

A

zygomaticotemporal n.
cornual n.

49
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. zygomaticotemporal n.
  2. temporal line
  3. cornual n.
  4. maxillary n. V2
50
Q

What is the function of the cornual nerve? It is a branch of ______

A

sensory nerve for the horn

maxillary n.

51
Q

In large and small ruminants, what nerve(s) must be blocked for dehorning?

A

cornual nerve (branch of V2)

52
Q

In large ruminants, what nerve(s) must be blocked for dehorning?

A

cornual nerve (branch of V2)

53
Q

In small ruminants, what nerve(s) must be blocked for dehorning?

A

cornual nerve (branch of V2)
supraorbital nerve (branch of V1)

54
Q

Label 1-3. Which is the large ruminant, and which one is the small ruminant?

A
  1. cornual n. (branch of V2)
  2. cornual branch of supraorbital n. (branch of V1)
  3. cornual n. (branch of V2)

left: large ruminant
right: small ruminant

55
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. cornual branch of supraorbital n. (V1)
  2. cornual n. (V2)
56
Q

What is the infraorbital n.?

A

branch of maxillary n. V2

sensory for lateral and dorsal nasal regions & upper lips

deep blocks can anesthetize upper teeth

57
Q

What is this?

A

infraorbital n. (V2)

58
Q

Blocking the infraorbital n. may not get the nasolabial plane anesthetized because _____

A

its innervation via ethmoidal n. (V1) which runs deep in the nasal cavity

ethmoidal n. also innervate the nasal septum

59
Q

What landmark do you use to block the infraorbital n.?

A

facial tuberosity

60
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. nasoincisive notch
  2. infraorbital n. (foramen)
  3. facial tuberosity
61
Q

What are branches of the mandibular n. (V3) in the ruminant?

A

auriculotemporal n.
buccal n.
mental n.
parotid branch of buccal n.
inferior alveolar n.

62
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. mandibular n. (V3)
  2. buccal n.
  3. mental n.
  4. parotid branch of buccal n.
  5. inferior alveolar n.
  6. auriculotemporal n.
63
Q

What are the branches of CN VII in the ruminant?

A

auriculopalpebral n.
dorsal buccal branch
ventral buccal branch

64
Q

What is/are the nerve(s) responsible for motor to the facial muscles?

A

dorsal buccal branch
ventral buccal branch
auriculopalpebral n.

all CN VII branches

65
Q

What is the auriculopalpebral n. motor to?

A

motor for facial mm. like orbicularis oculi m.
and some auricular m.

66
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. auriculopalpebral n.
  2. dorsal buccal branch
  3. ventral buccal branch
  4. CN VII
67
Q

If you want to prevent the palpebral reflex (blinking), what nerve must you block? What kind of surgery?

A

auriculopalpebral n. VII

eye surgery

68
Q

What is the landmark when attempting to block the auriculopalpebral n.?

A

zygomatic arch

69
Q

In an eye surgery, what nerve must you block to prevent pain?

A

ophthalmic n. (V1)

70
Q

In ruminant eye surgery ______ is the nerve to block the motor components of the eye, and the _____ nerve blocks the sensory components

A

motor: auriculopalpebral n. (from CN VII)
sensory: ophthalmic n. (V1)

Comparative (37 decks)

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