Ch 20A Assignment Flashcards
Metastasis is —-
distant settlement of cancer cells in another organ away from site of origin.
a cell that is dividing in defiance of normal constraints.
a part of the primary tumor that has invaded the adjacent tissue.
the portion of the cancerous tumor that displays genetic instability.
distant settlement of cancer cells in another organ away from site of origin.
The rate at which mutations occur in the cells within a tumor is most likely…..
Affected by genome instability within the tumor cells.
More frequent than in normal cells of that tissue type.
The same as in normal cells of that tissue type.
Both A and B
Epigenetic silencing includes
deletions in the DNA sequence
missense mutations
methylation changes in CG sequences
insertion of a stop codon
methylation changes in CG sequences
Tumor cells contain mutations that are not derived from germ cells and they are called………………
translocations
germline mutations
epigenetic changes
somatic mutations
somatic mutations
Somatic mutations are not as prevalent in cancers compared to inherited mutations.
True
False
False
Which statement about cell cycle mutations is TRUE?
In an environment free of chemical carcinogens, spontaneous mutations arise during cell division but at a very low rate.
In an environment free of chemical carcinogens, cell cycle progresses without accumulation of any mutations.
In an environment free of chemical carcinogens, spontaneous mutations arise during cell division at a very high rate.
No spontaneous mutations arise during cell division as cells are protected by checkpoint mechanisms.
In an environment free of chemical carcinogens, spontaneous mutations arise during cell division but at a very low rate.
Incidence of cancers rises steeply with age because………………..
cell cycle checkpoints do not function well as we get older.
a random set of driving mutations accumulate over the course of years.
cells increase their division rates as we age.
cell death increases with age.
a random set of driving mutations accumulate over the course of years.
Which of these statements about tumor-stroma relationship is FALSE?
Continued growth and progression of tumors is independent of the surrounding stroma.
Experiments on transplanted carcinomas indicate that normal stroma is unable to support tumor growth.
Stromal cells secrete signal proteins to stimulate the growth of surrounding cancer cells.
As cancer progresses, cancer cells secrete signal proteins that modify the surrounding stroma.
Continued growth and progression of tumors is independent of the surrounding stroma.
Contact inhibition is a feature where……………….
cancer cells are inhibited from dividing when the culture reaches confluence.
normal cells are inhibited from dividing when the culture reaches confluence.
cancer cells grow on top of each other.
normal cells grow on top of each other.
normal cells are inhibited from dividing when the culture reaches confluence.
Extensive chromosomal rearrangement and DNA damage in the chromosome of micronuclei is called…….
Aneuploidy
Chromothripsis
Cytokinesis
Spindle assembly checkpoint
Chromothripsis
Which statement about cancer stem cells is FALSE?
Cancer stem cells constitute most of the tumor.
Cancer stem cells can propagate a new tumor.
Cancer stem cells are capable of self-renewal.
Cancer stem cells give rise to transit amplifying cells.
Cancer stem cells constitute most of the tumor.
Which statement is TRUE with regards to Warburg effect in cancers?
Cancers generate energy mainly through glycolysis even when cells receive sufficient oxygen.
Cancer cells generate ATP mainly through oxidative phosphorylation.
Compared to normal cells, cancers are more efficient in energy metabolism and produce 36 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule metabolized.
Uptake of glucose is much lower levels in cancer cells in comparison to normal cells.
Cancers generate energy mainly through glycolysis even when cells receive sufficient oxygen.
Tumor cells bypass replicative cell senescence by……………..
inactivating telomerase.
shortening their telomeres.
reactivating telomerase.
triggering p53-dependent DNA damage response.
reactivating telomerase.
Replicative senescence involves______.
the shortening of telomeres with every cell division.
the inactivation of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest.
the activation of telomerase.
the protection of protein caps at the end of chromosomes.
the shortening of telomeres with every cell division.
