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Psychology > From the practice book > Flashcards

From the practice book Flashcards

1
Q

causation (and its research method)

A
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2
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the brain’s ability to adjust and adapt to changes in sensory input over time

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3
Q

weber’s law

A

the larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected.

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4
Q

id
ego
superego

A

part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego
operates as a moral conscience

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5
Q

latent learning (plus insight and social)

A

form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response

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6
Q

incentive theory

A

people are motivated by external stimuli or positive incentives to engage in behaviors

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7
Q

modeling

A

learning by copying the behavior of someone else

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8
Q

primacy effect

A

an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.

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9
Q

reaction formation
sublimation

A

anxious or unacceptable emotions are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency
transform conflicted emotions, unmet desires or unacceptable impulses into productive outlets.

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10
Q

arousal theory

A

our behavior is motivated by a need to maintain an ideal arousal level

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11
Q

bait and switch technique

A

persuasive technique in which an initial promise or offer is made, but the offer is later withdrawn or changed in some way

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12
Q

that’s-not-all technique

A

presenting a large request and then, before response, making the request more attractive by reducing it to a modest target request (like door in the face)

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13
Q

meta analysis

A

statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies

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14
Q

case study

A

detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context

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15
Q

heuristic

A

problem-solving shortcut that helps even if it’s not always effective

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16
Q

Availability heuristic
Representativeness Heuristics

A

basing one’s assessment on prior comparable experiences, rather than judging that situation individually
basing one’s assessment on common knowledge, stereotypes, or prototypes

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17
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.Everything is part of a complex system

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18
Q

Aphasia (broca’s, wernicke’s)

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

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19
Q

Lobes in the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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20
Q

Frontal lobe

A

deals with problem-solving, decision-making, planning, and judgment

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21
Q

parietal lobe

A

a major sensory processing hub for your brain.
Contains somatic sensory cortex: represent and process touch

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22
Q

occipital lobe

A

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

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23
Q

temporal lobe

A

processing auditory sensory input and is the location of the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

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24
Q

Hindbrain

A

Coordinates info coming in and out of spianl cord, basic life functions

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25
Q

Hindbrain contains…

A

Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons

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26
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning

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27
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general

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28
Q

Dialectical Reasoning

A

arriving at the truth by stating a thesis, developing a contradictory antithesis based on concrete possibilities, and combining them into a coherent synthesis

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29
Q

Feature analysis

A

our nervous systems have receptors that filter the different stimuli that come into our brain

30
Q

optic chiasm

A

the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross

31
Q

vestibular system

A

provides the sense of balance and the information about body position that allows rapid compensatory movements

32
Q

bottom-up processing

A

we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas

33
Q

top-down processing

A

we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see

34
Q

ventromedial vs lateral hypothalamus

A

ventromedial makes you feel full
lateral makes you hungry

35
Q

Savant syndrome

A

persons with various developmental disorders, including autistic disorder, have an amazing ability and talent

36
Q

type A personalities

A

ambitious, aggressive, and competitive

37
Q

type B personalities

A

laid-back, flexible, and patient

38
Q

participant bias

A

when a participant in a research study may consciously or unconsciously act the way they think the researcher wants them to, rather than responding naturally

39
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Tendency to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

40
Q

Levels of processing

A

the structural level - when we remember only the physical quality of the word, how the word is spelled and how letters look
the phonemic level - includes remembering the word by the way it sounds
the semantic level - encode the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning

41
Q

Orders of perspectives of psychology

A

Evolutionism, Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, social-cultural, gestalt, humanistic, cognitive

42
Q

Correlational study

A

the experimenter does not manipulate or control any of the variables

43
Q

Bipolar and ganglion cells

A

transfer visual signal to optic nerve, in that order

44
Q

experimental vs correlational research

A

manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable
measure variables without manipulating any of them

45
Q

concept of g

A

a single underlying factor, general intelligence, can account for the positive correlations among cognitive abilities.

46
Q

flooding

A

intensive type of exposure therapy in which you must face your fear at a maximum level of intensity for an extended amount of time

47
Q

mental set

A

the brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem

48
Q

Barnum effect

A

the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless

49
Q

Erik Erikson

A

child psychoanalyst
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy),
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood),
Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool),
Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age),
Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence),
Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood),
Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

50
Q

Norepinephrine

A

regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.

51
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Anti-adrenaline: memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement.

52
Q

Glutamate

A

major role in shaping learning and memory.

53
Q

GABA

A

chief inhibitory neurotransmitter

54
Q

Endorphins

A

help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve your sense of well-being

55
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

immune system attacks the protective covering of the nerve cells

56
Q

rett syndrome

A

rapid deterioration of functions after 6 months of infancy

57
Q

Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation

A

Internal factors motivate you (pleasure)
External factors motivate you (needs)

58
Q

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

A

relays sensory information
Hormonal center: Body temperature. Heart rate. Hunger. Mood. communicates between CNS and endocrine system

59
Q

endocrine system

A

complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s metabolism

60
Q

regression to the mean

A

results that are extreme by chance on a first trial will become more average after a second trial

61
Q

episodic memory

A

involves the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life

62
Q

moro reflex

A

falling and starrtled baby!

63
Q

proximodistal development

A

the general tendency for the development of motor skills to start at the center of an organism and radiate outwards from there

64
Q

Cannon-Bard
James-Lange
two-factor

A

stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time
physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion.
people use cues from their immediate environment to inform their emotions.

65
Q

circadian rhythm regulators

A
66
Q

practical intelligence
analytical intelligence

A

adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of new environments
includes academic tasks, problem-solving abilities, and abstract reasoning
the ability to invent solutions to new problems

67
Q

self-efficacy

A

capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

68
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

69
Q

limbic system

A

the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses

70
Q

jean piagent accommodation

A

altering one’s existing ideas (schemas) about how the world operates in response to new information and experiences

Psychology (16 decks)

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