MOODULE 4 Flashcards
is biological and catalyzed by enzymes. It occurs within
a living organism.
Biosynthesis
the experimental design in doing natural prod studies
- ethnopharmacological screening
- sample collection and preparation
- extraction
- isolation and purification
- bioassays/structural characterization
Other than enzymes, the process requires precursors like
ATP, NADH,
NADPH, FADPH, and FADH
(5) Objectives of sample preparation
- reduction of sample size and simplify the matrix-analyte release from the matrix
- make the sample compatible with analytical technique
- clean up-remove interferences
- preconcentration
- get more information from the sample-optimization of instrumentation
Plant metabolism has been broadly distinguished into two stages
Primary metabolism
Secondary metabolism
is the most crucial step in the analytical procedure
designed for implementation in any analytical application (food analysis,
bionalysis, forensics, toxicology, environmental monitoring etc).
➢Sample preparation
examples of solid-liquid extraction
maceration - soaking in a solvent with shaking
decoction - same as with maceration but with heating
Soxhlet - for fats and oils, continuous extraction
distillation -
microwave-assisted - break the walls of your plant cells
ultrasound-assisted
super-critical fluid
example of liquid liquid extraction
organic solvents
separatory funnel
rotary evaporator
other techniques
Filtration
Centrifugation
Evaporation
Crystallization
Drying
separation vs purification
definition:
certain mixture from a mixture of mixtures
certain compound from a mixture
purification techniques
Recrystallization
▪ Sublimation
▪ Chromatography- Column chrom- Thin layer chrom- HPLC
Separation techniques based on size
filtration
dialysis
size-exclusion chromatography
Separation techniques based on mass or density
centrifugation
Separation techniques based on complex formation
masking
Separation techniques based on physical state
distillation
sublimation
recrystallization
