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Med Prep > optha-retina, glaucoma > Flashcards

optha-retina, glaucoma Flashcards

0
Q

Only non transparent portion of retina

A

Blood columns and pigment epithelium

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1
Q

Innermost layer of the eye

A

Retina

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2
Q

Posteriorly, retina converges towards the ____ to form intra ocular portion of _____

A

Posteriorly, retina converges towards the OPTIC DISK to form intra ocular portion of OPTIC NERVE

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3
Q

The anterior or peripheral portion of the retina is marked by ____ where retina is transformed into nonpigmented epith of ciliary body

A

The anterior or peripheral portion of the retina is marked by ORA SERRATA where retina is transformed into nonpigmented epith of ciliary body

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4
Q

The retina is firmly attached to 2 portions

A

Ora serrata

Optic disk

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5
Q

Layers of retina

A

(From outer to inner)

  1. Pigment epith
  2. Rods and cones
  3. External limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer flexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner flexiform layer
  8. Ganglion cell layer
  9. Nerve fiber layer
  10. Internal limiting membrane
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6
Q

Pigment epith is derived from

A

Outer layer of optic cup

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7
Q

If pigment epith is derived from outer layer of optic cup, then the rest of the retina Comes from

A

Inner Layer

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8
Q

Where does retinal detachment occur?

A

Between pigment epith and the rest of the retina, which has embryological basis.

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9
Q

The pigment epith is composed of single layer of ____ cells! with micro villi projecting into the interspace between outer segments of rods and cones.

A

Polygonal cells

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10
Q

Layer which is source of metabolic enzymes, as well as vit.A needed by visual cells, which is imp in the phagocytosis of degenerated fragments of outer segments.

A

Pigment epith

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11
Q

Rods and cones layer is composed of outer and inner segments. What segment can you find the light-sensitive photo chemicals?

A

Outer segment
Has transverse disk which contain the visual pigment concerned in photochemistry of visual process converting light energy into chemical energy of nerve impulse.

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12
Q

Rods and cones layer is composed of outer and inner segments. What segment contains usual cyto and cytoplasmic organelles esp mito which amplifies the weak impulse into a transmitted current?

A

Inner segment
Which is connected to the outer by a constriction containing the cilia, which thought to transmit electrical impulse to the finely granular inner segment

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13
Q

Layer of retina which is a fenestrations membrane composed of terminal bars

A

External limiting membrane

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14
Q

External limiting membrane is Formed by junctional attachment between..

A

membranes of Muller cells and the inner segment of photoreceptors

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15
Q

Layer of retina which is composed of the nuclei of the photoreceptors.

A

Outer nuclear layer

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16
Q

Layer of retina which constituted by the axons of photoreceptors and the connecting dendrites of bipolar cells

A

Outer flexiform layer

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17
Q

In what region does the bipolar cells and other elements of inner layer of retina are pushed to the sides, where the axons and dendrites in outer plexiform layer take an oblique or tangential course.

A

In region of fovea

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18
Q

In region of fovea, the bipolar cells and other elements of inner layer of retina are pushed to the sides, the axons and dendrites in outer plexiform layer take an oblique or tangential course. This unique portion of outer plexiform is called..

A

Nerve fiber layer of Henle

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19
Q

Layer of retina which consists if nuclei if several cells, namely bipolar cells, Muller’s cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

A

Inner nuclear layer

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20
Q

Layer of retina which is composed of axons of bipolar cells and dendrites of ganglion cells.

A

Inner plexiform layer

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21
Q

Layer of retina in which ganglion cells usually form a monocellular layer throughout most of the retina

A

Ganglion cell layer

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22
Q

Layer of retina where the axons of the ganglion cells converge toward posterior pole of the eye to eventually from the optic nerve.

A

Nerve fiber layer

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23
Q

Layer of retina which is the cuticular derivative of Muller’s cells and serves to delineate the retina from the overlying vitreous.

A

Internal limiting membrane

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24
Q

Bld supply of retina

A

Central retinal artery and vein which enters the eye thru optic disk

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25
Q

First branch of ophthalmic artery

A

Central retinal artery

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26
Q

As the retinal artery enters the eye, it loses its ____ , and the medial muscular coat becomes ____.

A

As the retinal artery enters the eye, it loses its INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA and the medial muscular coat becomes INCOMPLETE.

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27
Q

How many capillary networks are there in the retina? Where is It located?

A

Two. One in nerve fiber layer and one in inner nuclear layer.
They are closely interconnected.

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28
Q

Retinal capillaries contains ___ that are located in the basement membrane.

A

Mural cells

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29
Q

The artery and vein have a common adventitial sheath at their crossings, an important factor in the production of AV crossing changes in what diseases?

A

Arteriosclerotic and hypertensive retinopathies

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30
Q

Photoreceptors which func at low level of illumination or night vision (scotopic vision).

A

Rods

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31
Q

Photoreceptors which func at high level of illumination or daytime vision (photopic vision).

A

Cones

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32
Q

Photoreceptors for color vision

A

Cones

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33
Q

Center of acute vision

A

Fovea centralis

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34
Q

Rods/cones are concentrated in Fovea centralis

A

Cones

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35
Q

Main cells in retinal periphery

A

Rods

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36
Q

Photoreceptors concerned with peripheral vision

A

Rods

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37
Q

The retina is dependent on a continuous supply of ___ for its metabolism.

A

Glucose

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38
Q

Cells the serves as the storehouse of glucose in the form of glycogen

A

Muller’s cells

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39
Q

The retina gets its bld supply from 2 sources

A

choriocapillaries supply the outer layer

Retinal arteries supply the inner layer

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40
Q

Principal symptom of retinal patho

A

Visual disturbance

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41
Q

Visual disturbance may be manifested as..

A 
Visual blurring
Photopsia
Sector visual field defect 
Disturbance of image shape or size 
Nyctalopia
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42
Q

Visual loss or impairment may involve (central/peripheral vision) if macula is involved.

A

Central vision

43
Q

Visual loss or impairment may involve (central/peripheral vision) if extra macular area (esp rods) is involved.

A

Peripheral vision

44
Q

Seeing flashes of light

A

Photopsia

45
Q

It is caused by any stimulus on the eye which results in only one retinal response, and that is seeing light.

A

Photopsia

46
Q

Photopsia may be experienced in ___ where the retina is mechanically stimulated as it floats or moves in the vitreous.

A

Retinal detachment

47
Q

Photopsia may be experienced in ___ which causes traction in the retina (Moore’s lightning streaks).

A

Vitreous detachment

48
Q

Actual loss of a part of the field of vision or a sensation of a curtain or a fog covering the involved portions of the field of vision

A

Sector visual field defect

49
Q

Some retinal condi which can produces sector visual field defect

A

Partial retinal detachment
Large retinal hemorrhage
Branch occlusion of retinal vessels

50
Q

Caused by disturbance in the alignments and position of the visual cells, esp macular area as in macular edema, central serous retinopathy or flat retinal detachment

A

Disturbance of image shape or size

51
Q

Distorted image

A

Metamorphopsia

52
Q

Large image

A

Macropsia

53
Q

Small image

A

Micropsia

54
Q

Refers to impairment of vision at night or in dim illumination and is present mainly in disturbances of rod func as in pigmentary degeneration of retina and vit A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

55
Q

Usual loos of arterial obstruction

A

Emboli from a cardiac thrombus

56
Q 
Retina artery is very much constricted
Optic disc is pale
Rest of eye ground is white (due to coag necrosis)
Cherry red spot 
Box car appearance
A

Crao

57
Q

Treatment for crao

A

Dilators - paracenthesis, inhalation of co2 (carbogen)

Drugs - amyl nitrate inhalation, retrobulbar acetylcholine, prescoline

58
Q

Common cause of CRVO in elder

A

Endothelial proliferation

59
Q

Common cause of CRVO in young

A

Phlebitis

60
Q

Venous engorgement
Retinal hemorrhage
Hyperemic disk with blurring of margin
Hotdog catsup appearance

A

CRVO

61
Q

Common complication of CRVO

A

Glaucoma (3 mos after onset) has rubeosis iridis

62
Q

Retinal edema in hypertensive retinopathy is seen as shining reflex from the retinal surface not unlike a wet surface and is called

A

Retinal sheen

63
Q

Grading in hypertensive retinopathy

A
  1. Narrowing of arteries to 3/4 to 1/2 of corres vein with occasional focal constriction of terminal arterioles
  2. Narrowing of arteries to 1/2 to 1/3 of corres vein with several focal constriction of terminal arterioles
  3. Grade 2 + cotton wool exudates with flame shaped hemo
  4. Grade 3 + mild to mod edema of disk
64
Q

In arteriosclerotic retinopathy, a Whitish plaque of lipid seen in the wall of retinal artery

A

Atherosclerosis

65
Q

Lipoidal infiltration of white streak at side of blood column is seen and called

A

Pipe stem sheathing (vascular sheathing)

66
Q

In arteriosclerosis, when the median streak completely covers the entire bld column, the artery is called

A

Copper wire artery

67
Q

In arteriosclerosis, when the sclerosis reaches the advance stage abs reflects back all the light falling on its surface, the artery is called

A

Silver wire artery

68
Q

This is an early stage of silver wire artery where the artery is seen as a solid white cord with no bld column showing through.

A

Pipe stem sheathing

69
Q

Grading of severity in arteriosclerosis

A
  1. Slight widening of median reflex with slight compression
  2. More widening , with more marks of compression
  3. Copper wire artery
  4. Silver wire artery
70
Q

Edema of macular region

A

Central serous retinopathy

71
Q

Retinal detachment that is always asso with break in retina

A

Primary retinal detachment

72
Q

Retinal detachment due to disease process of retina or the vitreous and choroid

A

Secondary retinal detachment

73
Q

Most common symptom of retinal detachment

A

Photopsia

74
Q

Elevated retina
Grayish retina
Retinal vessels appear constricted and darker

A

Retinal detachment

75
Q

Most common intraocular tumor

A

Retinoblastoma

76
Q

Cats eye reflex

A

Leucocoria

77
Q

Stage of retinoblastoma with soapy white mass in retina

A

Intraocular stage

78
Q

Stage of retinoblastoma with increased iop, ocular congestion nod corneal edema and vitreous filled with tumor mass

A

Glaucomatous stage

79
Q

Stage of retinoblastoma with tumor extending out of eyes into orbit via ocular emissaria or thru optic nerve

A

Extra ocular stage

80
Q

Retinoblastoma metastasize to __ via

A

Long bone via hematogenous spread

81
Q

In Glaucomatous stage of retinoblastoma, what is the only resor it save the life of the pt

A

Enucleation

82
Q

Glaucoma produces irreversible blindness

A

True

83
Q

Iop regarded as suspect for glaucoma

A

21mmHg

84
Q

Regulation of IOP by

A

Anterior segment of eye

85
Q

Increased iop in glaucoma is due to

A

Abnormal aqueous outflow
Rarely due to over production
Most rarel py due to nice venous back pressure

86
Q

Effect of iop is ultimately manifested in

A

Optic disk

87
Q

Disturbance to floe of protoplasm contributes to glaucoma

A

True

88
Q

2 sources of symptoms of glaucoma

A

Increased iop

Disturbance of optic nerve func

89
Q

Acute or chronic glaucoma:
Severe ocular pain, sudden diminution if vision, seeing haloes around light, ciliary injection, Lacrimation, pupillary dilation

A

Acute glaucoma

90
Q

Acute/chronic glaucoma:

Gradual closure of angle and gradual increase in iop, symptoms may be absent

A

Chronic glaucoma

91
Q

Iop increased because aqueous could not flow to trabecular mesh work due to apposition of iris to the anterior chamber angle

A

Primary angle closure glaucoma

92
Q

This disease arises because if an inherited a atomic defect that causes a shallow anterior chamber

A

Primary angle closure glaucoma

93
Q

Treatment of choice for primary angle closure glaucoma

A

Surgery

94
Q

Principle of management of primary angle closure glaucoma

A

Lower iop
Analgesic
Referral to ophthalmologist

95
Q

Closure of angle brought about by condi in eye that causes the iris to move towards the mesh work. (Eg exaggeration of pupillary block such as uveitis, lens dislocation, bulging hyaloid face)

A

Secondary angle closure glaucoma

96
Q

The treatment of Secondary angle closure glaucoma is directed to ocular condition that gives rise to it

A

Principle of therapy is the same as primary angle closure type

97
Q

Aqueous has access to the anterior chamber angle all the time because there is no ore existing ocular or systemic disease that can be tagged as causative agent. It is symptom-free chronic, slowly progressive condi.

A

Primary open angle glaucoma

98
Q

Treatment of primary open angle glaucoma

A

Medical

99
Q

Drugs used in primary open angle glaucoma

A
  1. Miotics - increase outflow
  2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - decrease aqueous production
  3. Epinephrine - enhance exit of aqueous
100
Q

Treatment of infantile glaucoma

A

Surgical (goniotomy)

101
Q

S&s of infantile glaucoma

A 
Lacrimation
Blepharospasm
Photophobia
Corneal enlargement 
Glaucomatous cuppping
102
Q

Glaucoma asso with hereditary or familial disease are not always present at birth

A

True

103
Q

Glaucoma asso with hereditary disease, a syndrome of arachnodectyly, cardiac anomalies, lens subluxation

A

Marfan’s syndrome

104
Q

Glaucoma asso with hereditary disease, a syndrome of corneal Arcus (post embryotoxon), ectopia, polycoria, hypoplasia of anterior iris.

A

Axenfeld syndrome

Med Prep (52 decks)

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