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Kin 1060 > 1A - Intro to Anatomy - anatomical terms, bones, axial skeleton > Flashcards

1A - Intro to Anatomy - anatomical terms, bones, axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

standing erect with arms at the side and palms turned forward

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2
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right portions

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3
Q

Frontal plane (coronal)

A

divides the body into front and back portions

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4
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower portions

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5
Q

Anatomical sections

A

body’s cavities and organs with specific cuts

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6
Q

Longitudinal section

A

lengthwise cut

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7
Q

Transverse section

A

cut made along a horizontal section to divide the body into upper and lower regions

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8
Q

Oblique section

A

cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes

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9
Q

Scout line

A

making a line through a section and getting a new view because of it

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10
Q

Anatomical terms

A

describe the location or structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Limbs, close to or toward the trunk, or toward the point of origin

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12
Q

Distal

A

Limbs, away from the trunk (toward the end of the limb), or away from the point of origin

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13
Q

Radial

A

Pertaining to the radius or the lateral side of the forearm

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14
Q

Ulnar

A

Pertaining to the medial side of the forearm

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15
Q

Tibial

A

Pertaining to the tibia or medial side of the leg

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16
Q

Fibular

A

Pertaining to the fibula or the lateral side of the leg

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17
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

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18
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

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19
Q

Dorsal

A

Pertaining to the back of the hand or the top of the foot

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20
Q

Pollicis

A

Hands and feet, pertaining to the thumb

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21
Q

Hallicus

A

Pertaining to the big toe

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22
Q

Cranial

A

Pertaining to or located toward the head

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Pertaining to or located toward the tail

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24
Q

Anterior - and a synonym

A

Pertaining to or located toward the front (synonym: ventral - used for all animals)

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25
Q

Posterior - and synonym

A

Pertaining to or located toward the back (synonym: dorsal - used for all animals)

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26
Q

Superior

A

Upper or above

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27
Q

Inferior

A

Lower or below

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28
Q

Axial

A

Structures around central axis of your body

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29
Q

Longitudinal

A

Upper body, parallel to the long axis of a structure

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30
Q

Horizontal

A

Upper body, parallel to the plane of the horizon

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31
Q

Vertical

A

Upper body, perpendicular to the plane of horizon

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32
Q

Medial

A

Upper body, toward the median plane, towards midline

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33
Q

Lateral

A

Upper body, away from the median plane, away from midline

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34
Q

Median

A

Situated at the median plane or midline

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35
Q

Peripheral

A

Situated away from the centre

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36
Q

Superficial

A

Situated near the surface

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37
Q

Deep

A

Situated far beneath the surface

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38
Q

External

A

Outer or lateral

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39
Q

Internal

A

Inner or medial

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40
Q

Basal

A

pertaining to the bottom or base

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41
Q

Sagittal

A

situated parallel to the sagittal suture

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42
Q

Coronal

A

situated parallel to the coronal suture (crown of head, front and back)

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43
Q

Cranial cavity

A

contains the brain

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44
Q

Vertebral canal

A

contains the spinal cord

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45
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

contains heart and lungs

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46
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

mediastinum, contains the heart

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47
Q

Left pleural cavity

A

surrounds left lung

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48
Q

Right pleural cavity

A

surrounds right lung

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49
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

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50
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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51
Q

Subcostal

A

pertaining to below the rib

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52
Q

Umbilical

A

around the belly button

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53
Q

Epigastric

A

above the stomach

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54
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing an angle between bones at a joint

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55
Q

Extension

A

increasing an angle between bones at a joint

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56
Q

Scapula

A

shoulder blade

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57
Q

Mandible

A

lower jaw

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58
Q

Protraction definition and example

A

moving forward, ex. mandible and scapula

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59
Q

Retraction

A

moving backward, ex. mandible and scapula

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60
Q

Elevation

A

move in a superior direction

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61
Q

Depression

A

move in an inferior direction

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62
Q

Supination

A

palm rotates upward

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63
Q

Pronation

A

palm rotates downward

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64
Q

Lateral rotation

A

rotate away from the midline, along the long axis

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65
Q

Medial rotation

A

rotate toward midline, along long axis

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66
Q

Adduction

A

move toward midline

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67
Q

Abduction

A

move away from the midline

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68
Q

Circumduction

A

distal end makes a circle, proximal end fixed

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69
Q

Finger adduction

A

move toward midline, bring fingers together

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70
Q

Finger abduction

A

move fingers away from midline, spread them out

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71
Q

Thumb adduction

A

align thumb with hand

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72
Q

Thumb abduction

A

thumb moves anteriorly

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73
Q

Thumb flexion

A

thumb comes toward midline, frontal plane

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74
Q

Thumb extension

A

thumb moves away from midline, frontal plane

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75
Q

Opposition

A

bringing toward (oppose) other digits

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76
Q

Eversion

A

tilt sole of foot away from midline, weight on big toe

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77
Q

Inversion

A

tilt sole of foot toward midline, weight on pinky toe

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78
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flex foot superiorly, foot pointing up

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79
Q

Plantar flexion

A

flex foot inferiorly, plant foot in the ground

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80
Q

Skeleton

A

the inner framework made up of all the bones of the body, provides support, leverage for movement, protection of vital organs, storage of minerals, production of blood cells

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81
Q

Axial skeleton

A

portion of the skeleton that consists of the skull, ribcage, and vertebral column

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82
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

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83
Q

Upper limb

A

scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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84
Q

Lower limb

A

pelvic bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

85
Q

Mnemonic for carpal bones

A

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

86
Q

Long bone

A

provides strength, structure, and mobility in limbs ex. femur and humerus

87
Q

Short bone

A

provides support and stability with limited movement ex. carpals and tarsals

88
Q

Flat bone

A

provides protection or broad surfaces of muscle attachment ex. sternum

89
Q

Irregular bone

A

various functions (nerve protection, skeletal muscle attachment) ex. vertebrae

90
Q

Sesamoid

A

protect tendons from wear and tear, ex. patella

91
Q

Tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

92
Q

Crest

A

ridge of bone

93
Q

Trochanter

A

large blunt elevation

94
Q

Line

A

linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge

95
Q

Tubercle

A

small raised eminence (projection)

96
Q

Epicondyle

A

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

97
Q

Spine

A

thorn-like process

98
Q

Process

A

projection or outgrowth of tissue

99
Q

Head

A

large, round articular end

100
Q

Facet

A

smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

101
Q

Condyle

A

rounded, knuckle-like articular area

102
Q

Foramen

A

passage through bone hole

103
Q

Groove

A

elongated depression

104
Q

Fissure

A

groove, natural division

105
Q

Notch

A

indentation in the edge of a bone

106
Q

Fossa

A

hollow or depressed area

107
Q

Meatus

A

natural body opening or canal

108
Q

Sinus

A

sac or cavity

109
Q

Landmarking

A

palpating bony prominences beneath the skin as reference point for locating other internal structures

110
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

111
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

112
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells

113
Q

Osteoblast

A

cells that make bone

114
Q

Osteoclast

A

cells that break down bone

115
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

116
Q

Cortical bone

A

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone

117
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

118
Q

Trabecular bone

A

interior, spongy bone with a porous honeycomb structure, contains bone marrow, occasionally replaced by medullary cavity

119
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily

120
Q

Haversian canal

A

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

121
Q

Osteon

A

structural unit of compact bone

122
Q

Cambium layer

A

layer of bone that contains osteablasts

123
Q

Sharpey fibers

A

anchor to bone

124
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone fragment in 3+ pieces

125
Q

Compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

126
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plates (common in kids)

127
Q

Depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward (skull)

128
Q

Spiral fracture

A

ragged break due to excessive twisting forces

129
Q

Green stick fracture

A

incomplete break; one side broken, one side bent

130
Q

Simple fracture

A

injury only to bone

131
Q

Compound fracture

A

bone pierces skin

132
Q

Neurocranium bones (5)

A

bones that surround the skull
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal

133
Q

Viscerocranium bones (9)

A

facial bones,
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- lacrimal
- zygomatic
- vomer
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine

134
Q

frontal bone

A

bone that forms forehead

135
Q

occipital bone

A

bone that protrudes at base of skull (behind and below eyes)

136
Q

parietal bone

A

bone forming the central side and upper back of each side of the skull

137
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together (right in middle, sticks out into mouth)

138
Q

temporal bone

A

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial cavity, right and left temporal bones

139
Q

ethmoid bone

A

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

140
Q

inferior nasal concha

A

located on each side of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

141
Q

lacrimal

A

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

142
Q

zygomatic bone

A

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

143
Q

vomer

A

forms the base for the nasal septum

144
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

145
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw bone

146
Q

nasal

A

bridge of nose

147
Q

palatine

A

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

148
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn. can end up with clinical problems if they don’t fuse

149
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

150
Q

total number of vertebra in the spine

A

24

151
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7; first set of seven bones, forms the neck

152
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12; second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
- giraffe shaped spines
- heart shaped bodies
- costal facets

153
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5; third set of five larger vertebrae, forms the inward curve of the spine
- thick bodies
- moose shaped spines

154
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (left and right)

155
Q

kyphosis

A

pronounced curvature in the thoracic region

156
Q

lordosis

A

pronounced curvature in the lumbar region

157
Q

pedicle

A

a supporting column or stalk

158
Q

lamina

A

part of the vertebral arch

159
Q

transverse process

A

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

160
Q

vertebral foramen

A

canal through which spinal cord passes

161
Q

bifid spinous process

A

on cervical vertebrae C3-C5, forked

162
Q

transverse foramen

A

only found in cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve

163
Q

atlas

A

first cervical vertebra (C1), no body or spine

164
Q

axis

A

C2 bone, allows one to pivot neck, dens

165
Q

dens

A

prominence of superior aspect on C2, allows for rotation

166
Q

sacrum

A

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column, kyphosis

167
Q

coccyx

A

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

168
Q

surface anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

169
Q

vertebral artery

A

supplies blood to the spinal column and brain

170
Q

circle of willis

A

a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain

171
Q

cervical spine manipulation

A

risk of vertebral artery dissection, or stroke (dislodged thrombus)

172
Q

as you move superior to inferior what happens to the size of vertebra

A

they get larger as there is more weight to bear

173
Q

osteoporosis

A

imbalance between bone formation (osteoblast) and breakdown (osteoclast) activity.
symptoms: back pain, compression fractures

174
Q

auricular surface

A

articulates with sacrum

175
Q

sacral canal

A

continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum

176
Q

sacral hiatus

A

inferior opening and termination of the sacral canal

177
Q

Longitudinal ligaments

A

continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down anterior and posterior spine

178
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connect tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum), on top of spinous processes

179
Q

interspinous ligament

A

connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, between spinous processes

180
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, between lamina processes

181
Q

Atlanta-occipital joint

A

between atlas and skull, allows you to nod head

182
Q

lateral atlantoaxial joint

A

between the articular processes of C1 and C2 vertebrae. allows you to shake head

183
Q

zygapophyseal joint

A

between superior and inferior articular facets

184
Q

intervertebral joint

A

exists between vertebrae bodies

185
Q

costovertebral joint

A

exists between thoracic vertebra and the ribs, articulates at the body

186
Q

intervertebral disc

A

mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

187
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer layer of the intervertebral disc. thick fibrous ring that provides support

188
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

centre of intervertebral disc. made of soft, semifluid, mucoid material (gelatinous centre)
avascular

189
Q

costotransverse joint

A

tubercle of rib articulates at transverse process

190
Q

thoracic cage

A

ribs and sternum, designed to protect vital organs

191
Q

how many ribs make up the thoracic cage

A

12

192
Q

costal cartilage

A

the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs

193
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

194
Q

manubrium

A

upper portion of the sternum

195
Q

what is the middle portion of the sternum called?

A

body

196
Q

xyphoid process

A

bottom of sternum

197
Q

suprasternal notch

A

hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, in between the clavicles

198
Q

true ribs

A

first 7 pair of ribs; attach directly to sternum (1-7)

199
Q

false ribs

A

last 5 of ribs (8-12)

200
Q

floating ribs

A

last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

201
Q

inferior facet of rib

A

smaller facet on head of rib

202
Q

superior facet of rib

A

larger facet on head of rib

203
Q

head of rib

A

posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae

204
Q

neck of rib

A

between head and tubercle

205
Q

articular facet for transverse process

A

the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of each same-numbered vertebra

206
Q

tubercle of rib

A

small bump on the posterior side of a rib for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

207
Q

costal angle of rib

A

the abrupt change in curvature of the external surface of a rib where the rib is bent in two directions and twisted along its axis

208
Q

costal groove of rib

A

muscle attachment; arteries, veins, and nerves run in the groove

Kin 1060 (11 decks)

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