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Kin 1060 > 2A - intro to neuro > Flashcards

2A - intro to neuro Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

what are the two types of neurons

A

sensory and motor

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3
Q

neuroglia

A

non-excitable cells supporting, insulating, and nourishing neurons
-ex. Schwann cells

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibres of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next

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5
Q

multipolar motor neuron

A

a neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system

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6
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

carry information from periphery to brain, whereas multipolar neurons carry information from brain to periphery

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7
Q

cell body

A

integrates all signals together, decides whether neuron will or will not send action potential

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8
Q

dendrites

A

collect information, synapse with other things

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9
Q

trigger zone

A

where action potential is generated. pieces of information are summed together. axon hillock

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10
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibres, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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11
Q

axon terminal

A

the endpoint of a neuron where synapses occur (with other neurons or with an end organ, such as muscle)

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12
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined

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13
Q

peripheral process

A

sum the information collected by dendrites to decide whether there is an action potential worth sending or not

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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16
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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17
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system. Forms several myelin sheaths, and myelinated sections of several axons

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18
Q

Schwann cell

A

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Forms one myelin sheath, and myelinated one section of an axon

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19
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath
- problems with oligodendrocytes, they can’t repair themselves
- secondary demyelination because many axons myelinated by a single oligodendrocyte

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20
Q

age range of onset of multiple sclerosis

A

20-50

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21
Q

how much does multiple sclerosis decrease life expectancy

A

7-14 years

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22
Q

what happens in the body when someone has multiple sclerosis

A

plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

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23
Q

what is Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves

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24
Q

how is Guillain-barre syndrome characterized

A

rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis

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25
Q

recovery rate of Guillain-barre syndrome

A

80-90% recover within 2-4 weeks

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26
Q

progressive depolarization

A

the cause for electrical signal propagation (current)

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27
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-80mV

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28
Q

the outside of the cell is rich in which positively charged ion

A

sodium (Na+)

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29
Q

the inside of the cell is rich in this negatively charged ion

A

potassium (K)

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30
Q

conduction velocity

A

the speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon

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31
Q

what two factors does conduction velocity depend on?

A
  1. fibre diameter -> larger fibre diameter = faster conduction velocity
  2. myelination -> myelination means faster conduction velocity than unmyelinated
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32
Q

saltatory conduction

A

rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to another, skipping the myelin sheathed regions of membrane

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33
Q

neuronal synapse

A

synapses that occur between two neurons, where transmission of nerve impulses occurs

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34
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses toward the synapse

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35
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits impulses away from the synapse

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36
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell

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37
Q

step 1 of neuronal synapse

A

impulse arrives at end bulb

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38
Q

step 2 of neuronal synapse

A

voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels open, Ca2+ flows into cell

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39
Q

step 3 of neuronal synapse

A

increased concentration of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter release

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40
Q

step 4 of neuronal synapse

A

Neurotransmitters cross synaptic cleft to bind receptors on postsynaptic membrane

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41
Q

step 5 of neuronal synapse

A

voltage gated channels open allowing Na+ to enter cell

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42
Q

step 6 of neuronal synapse

A

postsynaptic cell depolarizes

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43
Q

step 7 of neuronal synapse

A

nerve impulse initiated

44
Q

anatomical nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

45
Q

functional nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

46
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

47
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

48
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands
- divisions into sympathetic and parasympathetic

49
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous. system that controls the body skeletal muscles

50
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

51
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

52
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. fight, flight, or fright

53
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

54
Q

white matter

A

nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths. Inside the brain, outside the spinal cord

55
Q

grey matter

A

the portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated. Outside the brain, inside the spinal cord

56
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

the right and left halves of the cerebrum

57
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions

58
Q

midbrain

A

important for hearing and sight

59
Q

pons

A

a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

60
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion

61
Q

spinal cord

A

nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

62
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

63
Q

cerebellum

A

a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

64
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

65
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

66
Q

fissure

A

deep groove

67
Q

sulcus

A

shallow groove

68
Q

gyrus

A

ridge

69
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

70
Q

precentral gyrus

A

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

71
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body

72
Q

lateral fissure

A

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes. AKA Sylvian fissure

73
Q

parietal lobe

A

a region of he cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch

74
Q

frontal lobe

A

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

75
Q

occipital lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

76
Q

temporal lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

77
Q

insula

A

regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes. Taste

78
Q

brocas area

A

part of frontal lobe that if damaged, cannot speak/make language

79
Q

wernicke’s area

A

part of parietal lobe that if damaged, cannot understand language

80
Q

thalamus

A

relays messages between lower brain centres and cerebral cortex. Gatekeeper for sensory information

81
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain region controlling the pituitary gland, maintains homeostasis

82
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

83
Q

dorsal horn

A

crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

84
Q

ventral horn

A

somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

85
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system

86
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

87
Q

ventricles

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

88
Q

lateral ventricle

A

a complex C-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain

89
Q

third ventricle

A

the ventricle located in the centre of the diencephalon

90
Q

fourth ventricle

A

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the centre of the metenephalon

91
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

92
Q

arachnoid mater

A

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

93
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

94
Q

dural sinuses

A

spaces that collect blood that has circulated through the brain

95
Q

dural folds

A

folded inner layer of dura mater
- Extend into cranial cavity
- Stabilize and support brain
- contain collecting veins (dural sinuses)

96
Q

falx cerebri

A

separates the two vertebral hemispheres

97
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

98
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

99
Q

extracerebral hemorrhages

A

hemorrhages from the blood vessels of the meninges or on the surface of the brain, bleeding is outside the brain

100
Q

epidural hematoma

A

pooling of blood located on top of the dura

101
Q

subdural hematoma

A

pertaining to below the dura mater, tutor of blood

102
Q

subarachnoid hematoma

A

pooling of blood in the subarachnoid space (between pia mater and arachnoid membrane)

103
Q

spinal tap

A

placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF

104
Q

epidural

A

pertaining to the layer upon the dura mater

105
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapered, inferior end of spinal cord

106
Q

lumbar cistern

A

subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains caudal equina and CSF

Kin 1060 (11 decks)

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