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Kin 1060 > 2A - intro to neuro > Flashcards

2A - intro to neuro Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

neurons

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

what are the two types of neurons

A

sensory and motor

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3
Q

neuroglia

A

non-excitable cells supporting, insulating, and nourishing neurons
-ex. Schwann cells

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibres of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next

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5
Q

multipolar motor neuron

A

a neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system

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6
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

carry information from periphery to brain, whereas multipolar neurons carry information from brain to periphery

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7
Q

cell body

A

integrates all signals together, decides whether neuron will or will not send action potential

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8
Q

dendrites

A

collect information, synapse with other things

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9
Q

trigger zone

A

where action potential is generated. pieces of information are summed together. axon hillock

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10
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibres, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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11
Q

axon terminal

A

the endpoint of a neuron where synapses occur (with other neurons or with an end organ, such as muscle)

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12
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined

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13
Q

peripheral process

A

sum the information collected by dendrites to decide whether there is an action potential worth sending or not

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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16
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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17
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system. Forms several myelin sheaths, and myelinated sections of several axons

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18
Q

Schwann cell

A

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Forms one myelin sheath, and myelinated one section of an axon

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19
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath
- problems with oligodendrocytes, they can’t repair themselves
- secondary demyelination because many axons myelinated by a single oligodendrocyte

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20
Q

age range of onset of multiple sclerosis

A

20-50

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21
Q

how much does multiple sclerosis decrease life expectancy

A

7-14 years

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22
Q

what happens in the body when someone has multiple sclerosis

A

plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

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23
Q

what is Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves

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24
Q

how is Guillain-barre syndrome characterized

A

rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis

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25
recovery rate of Guillain-barre syndrome
80-90% recover within 2-4 weeks
26
progressive depolarization
the cause for electrical signal propagation (current)
27
resting membrane potential
-80mV
28
the outside of the cell is rich in which positively charged ion
sodium (Na+)
29
the inside of the cell is rich in this negatively charged ion
potassium (K)
30
conduction velocity
the speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon
31
what two factors does conduction velocity depend on?
1. fibre diameter -> larger fibre diameter = faster conduction velocity 2. myelination -> myelination means faster conduction velocity than unmyelinated
32
saltatory conduction
rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to another, skipping the myelin sheathed regions of membrane
33
neuronal synapse
synapses that occur between two neurons, where transmission of nerve impulses occurs
34
presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward the synapse
35
postsynaptic neuron
transmits impulses away from the synapse
36
synaptic cleft
the narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell
37
step 1 of neuronal synapse
impulse arrives at end bulb
38
step 2 of neuronal synapse
voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels open, Ca2+ flows into cell
39
step 3 of neuronal synapse
increased concentration of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter release
40
step 4 of neuronal synapse
Neurotransmitters cross synaptic cleft to bind receptors on postsynaptic membrane
41
step 5 of neuronal synapse
voltage gated channels open allowing Na+ to enter cell
42
step 6 of neuronal synapse
postsynaptic cell depolarizes
43
step 7 of neuronal synapse
nerve impulse initiated
44
anatomical nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
45
functional nervous system
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
46
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
47
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
48
autonomic nervous system
a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands - divisions into sympathetic and parasympathetic
49
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous. system that controls the body skeletal muscles
50
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
51
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
52
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. fight, flight, or fright
53
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
54
white matter
nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths. Inside the brain, outside the spinal cord
55
grey matter
the portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated. Outside the brain, inside the spinal cord
56
cerebral hemispheres
the right and left halves of the cerebrum
57
brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions
58
midbrain
important for hearing and sight
59
pons
a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
60
medulla oblongata
part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
61
spinal cord
nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain
62
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
63
cerebellum
a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills
64
longitudinal fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres
65
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
66
fissure
deep groove
67
sulcus
shallow groove
68
gyrus
ridge
69
central sulcus
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
70
precentral gyrus
the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control
71
postcentral gyrus
the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body
72
lateral fissure
the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes. AKA Sylvian fissure
73
parietal lobe
a region of he cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch
74
frontal lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
75
occipital lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
76
temporal lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language
77
insula
regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes. Taste
78
brocas area
part of frontal lobe that if damaged, cannot speak/make language
79
wernicke's area
part of parietal lobe that if damaged, cannot understand language
80
thalamus
relays messages between lower brain centres and cerebral cortex. Gatekeeper for sensory information
81
hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland, maintains homeostasis
82
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
83
dorsal horn
crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
84
ventral horn
somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots
85
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system
86
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
87
ventricles
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
88
lateral ventricle
a complex C-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain
89
third ventricle
the ventricle located in the centre of the diencephalon
90
fourth ventricle
the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the centre of the metenephalon
91
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
92
arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
93
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
94
dural sinuses
spaces that collect blood that has circulated through the brain
95
dural folds
folded inner layer of dura mater - Extend into cranial cavity - Stabilize and support brain - contain collecting veins (dural sinuses)
96
falx cerebri
separates the two vertebral hemispheres
97
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
98
falx cerebelli
separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
99
extracerebral hemorrhages
hemorrhages from the blood vessels of the meninges or on the surface of the brain, bleeding is outside the brain
100
epidural hematoma
pooling of blood located on top of the dura
101
subdural hematoma
pertaining to below the dura mater, tutor of blood
102
subarachnoid hematoma
pooling of blood in the subarachnoid space (between pia mater and arachnoid membrane)
103
spinal tap
placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF
104
epidural
pertaining to the layer upon the dura mater
105
conus medullaris
tapered, inferior end of spinal cord
106
lumbar cistern
subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains caudal equina and CSF

Kin 1060 (11 decks)

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