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Kin 1060 > 1B - Joints, Cartilage, Muscles > Flashcards

1B - Joints, Cartilage, Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

joints

A

areas where two or more bones join together

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2
Q

fibrous joints

A

articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue in which there is almost no movement ex. sutures in skull

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3
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage)

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4
Q

synovial joints

A

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions, have synovial fluid

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5
Q

synchondroses

A

primary cartilaginous joint - early life bone development
ex. epiphyseal plates

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6
Q

symphyses

A

secondary cartilaginous joint - strong, slightly moveable joints, united by fibrocartilage
ex. pubic symphysis

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7
Q

saddle joint

A

synovial joint, found at the base of thumb; allows grasping and rotation

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8
Q

ball and socket joint

A

synovial joint - hip and shoulder joints
- multi axial
- high mobility, low stability
- have labrum to improve joint contact

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9
Q

condyloid joint

A

synovial joint, does everything except rotating (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction)
ex. wrist

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10
Q

pivot joint

A

synovial joint, allows for rotation around the length of a bone, only allows rotation
ex. radial head next to ulna

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11
Q

hinge joint

A

synovial joint between bones that permits motion in only one plane
ex. humerus and ulna at elbow
- uniaxial
- more stability, lower ROM

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12
Q

plane joint

A

synovial joint that allows only gliding movement
ex. between carpals and tarsals

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13
Q

what 5 structures make up synovial joints

A

bones, ligaments + capsules, tendons/muscles, intra-articular structures, bursae

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14
Q

ligaments

A

connective tissue structures that bind bones together, non contractile

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15
Q

simple joint

A

a joint with only two skeletal components
ex. elbow

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16
Q

stability in joints

A

comes at expense of range of motion

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17
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect stability + ROM

A
  1. shape and arrangement of articulating surfaces
  2. ligaments that cross the joint - more + tighter ligaments = more stability
  3. tone of surrounding muscles
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18
Q

range of motion

A

the range through which a joint can be moved, comes at expense of stability

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19
Q

complex joint

A

two surfaces with articular disc or fibrocartilage
ex. knee

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20
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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21
Q

sprain

A

injury to a ligament

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22
Q

strain

A

injury to muscle tendon

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23
Q

non-contractile tissue

A

tissue that cannot actively shorten
ex. skin, ligament, cartilage

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24
Q

grade 1 sprain

A

stretching or slight ligament tearing, mild tenderness, swelling, and stiffness

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25
Q

grade 2 sprain

A

incomplete tear with moderate pain, swelling, and bruising

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26
Q

grade 3 sprain

A

complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising, and instability

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27
Q

treatment of sprains

A

PRICE, Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

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28
Q

intra-articular structures

A

contribute to synovial joint function

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29
Q

extracapsular ligaments

A

reinforce capsule, stabilizing ligaments located outside joint capsule

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30
Q

intracapsular ligaments

A

within a joint but excluded from synovial cavity, stabilizing ligaments located inside joint capsule

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31
Q

articular discs

A

pads composed of fibrocartilage, minimize wear and tear on the bone surfaces. absorb shock and distribute weight

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32
Q

labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous lip extending from the edge of a joint to deepen the socket and improve bony contacts. common in ball and socket joints

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33
Q

bursa

A

fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between moving parts (bones and tendons, bones and ligaments, etc.)
- protect structures from each other
- fibrous capsules lined with synovial fluid

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34
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

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35
Q

bursitis

A

chronic inflammation of a bursa caused by irritation from repeated excessive exertion of a joint, trauma, acute chronic infection, or rheumatoid arthritis

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36
Q

suture

A

interlocking line of union between bones

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37
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous joint, attachment of a tooth to its socket

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38
Q

syndesmosis

A

a fibrous joint at which two. bones are bound by long collagen fibres
ex. tib-fib

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39
Q

fibrocartilage

A

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, very durable and strongest type of cartilage
ex. menisci, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis

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40
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

shock absorber, support and join structures

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41
Q

elastic cartilage

A

specialized tissue with abundant elastic fibres, more flexible than hyaline cartilage
ex. epiglottis, outer ear, eustachian tubes

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42
Q

what is. the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides strength and elasticity to maintain shape of structures

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43
Q

hyaline/articular cartilage

A

has a smooth surface that provides flexibility and support at joints
found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
- dense viscoelastic connective tissue
- covers the articulating ends of bones within synovial joints

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44
Q

most common and weakest cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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45
Q

what does hyaline/articular cartilage not have?

A

no blood supply, no lymph channels, no neurological supply
- important because makes injury hard to detect and can’t repair on its own

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46
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • distributes mechanical load over a wider area to decrease stress/pressure on joint surfaces
  • reduce friction to minimize wear and allow relatively free movement of the opposing joint surfaces
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47
Q

composition of hyaline cartilage

A

cells (chondrocytes, less than 10%) and extracellular matrix

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48
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells
manufacture, secrete, organize and maintain ECM

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49
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the chemical substances located between connective tissue cells
- interstitial fluid (water, lipids, dissolved electrolytes)
- collagen
- proteoglycans

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50
Q

cartilage loading

A

compression forces interstitial fluid out of the cartilage into the joint capsule. when the load is removed, fluid flows back into the cartilage with new nutrients

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51
Q

what is the purpose of cartilage loading?

A

nutrient exchange and replenishment

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52
Q

cartilage is _________

A

avascular

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53
Q

osteoarthritis

A

unilateral “wear and tear” injury where joint cartilage is gradually lost, causing pain. Most common type of arthritis and cause of hip and knee replacements

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54
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

Bilateral, chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. Inflammation of joint linings (synovial membrane) and cartilage. As cartilage degrades fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends making them immovable

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55
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

56
Q

skeletal muscle

A

a muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones, multi-nucleated, striated

57
Q

skeletal muscles are under ___________ control

A

voluntary

58
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated, single nucleus

59
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body, viscera and blood vessels and skin
- not striated
- single nucleus

60
Q

4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. produce body movements
  2. stabilizing body positions
  3. producing heat (thermogenesis)
  4. storing + moving substances in the body
61
Q

4 properties of muscle tissue

A
  1. electrical excitability - able to respond to stimuli
  2. contractility - attached to bone via tendons
  3. elasticity - returns to original length after contraction and extension
  4. extensibility - can stretch without being damaged
62
Q

myosin

A

the contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

63
Q

actin

A

the contractile protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibers

64
Q

autorhythmicity

A

hearts ability to control its own contractions

65
Q

electrical signals

A

audtorhythmicity in the heart

66
Q

chemical signals

A

action potential signals received at neuromuscular cleft

67
Q

periosteum

A

a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles

68
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of myofibres

69
Q

myofibre

A

individual muscle cell

70
Q

epimysium

A

covers the entire skeletal muscle

71
Q

perimysium

A

the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

72
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding a myofiber

73
Q

myofibril

A

tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal myofibres

74
Q

sarcomere

A

a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band

75
Q

Z line

A

the line formed by the attachment of actin filaments between two sarcomeres of a muscle fibre in striated muscle cells
- two sets of actin fibres are going to join together

76
Q

M line

A

supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone
- where two sets of myosin fibres are going to join together

77
Q

I band

A

region within myofibril where only actin is present

78
Q

H band

A

region within myofibril where only myosin is present

79
Q

A band

A

full length of where myosin is (can overlap with actin). always the same width

80
Q

myosin heads

A

bind to specific sites on actin molecules to from cross bridges
- 2 heads
- actin binding head and ATP binding head

81
Q

one myosin head binds to _____ and the other binds to ___

A

actin and ATP

82
Q

tropomysin

A

form a long chain that cover “active sites” on a thin filament (actin); preventing actin-myosin interaction

83
Q

upper motor neuron

A

originates in cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron. Brain to spinal cord

84
Q

lower motor neuron

A

motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fibre extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system. Spinal cord to periphery

85
Q

motor neurons

A

neurone that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

86
Q

contralateral

A

defines how innervation is on the opposite side of the body

87
Q

principle of orderly recruitment

A

the theory that motor units generally are activated on the basis of a fixed order of recruitment, in which the motor units within a given muscle appear to be ranked according to the size of the motor neuron

88
Q

Henneman size principle

A

the recruitment of motor units within a muscle proceeds from small motor units to large motor units

89
Q

low force contractions

A

small motor units recruited

90
Q

high force contractions

A

large motor units recruited

91
Q

force production

A

motor unit size + firing frequency

92
Q

slow oxidative fibre

A

a type of muscle fibre that is the smallest in diameter, the least powerful, dark red in colour due to large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries; it is a fatigue-resistant fibre adapted to maintain posture and for aerobic, endurance activities like running a marathon

93
Q

fast glycolytic fibre

A

a type of muscle fibre that is the largest in diameter, the most powerful, and is pale in colour due to the low myoglobin content and few blood capillaries; adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration such as weight lifting

94
Q

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibre

A

a type of muscle fibre that is intermediate in diameter and dark red in colour due to large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries; used in walking and sprinting

95
Q

Type 1

A

slow oxidative, slow fatigue rate, low force

96
Q

type 2a

A

fast oxidative glycolytic, medium fatigue rate, medium force

97
Q

type 2x

A

fast glycolytic, fast fatigue rate, high force

98
Q

sliding filament theory

A

theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still
- actin filaments slide over myosin, creating a shortening effect (Z disks move closer together)

99
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

high-energy myosin head attaches to thin filament, which is a repetitive cycle producing muscle contraction

100
Q

bound state

A

myosin has bound to actin and is stuck there

101
Q

power stroke

A

release inorganic phosphate from myosin, causing a transformation

102
Q

rigor state

A

inorganic compound has been removed, myosin has contracted, and is stuck

103
Q

relaxed state

A

when ATP binds

104
Q

binding state

A

cycle can be repeated

105
Q

what element, when it binds to the troponin complex, makes tropomyosin roll away

A

calcium

106
Q

troponin complex

A

the regulatory proteins that control the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament

107
Q

what is the first step in excitation-contraction coupling

A

calcium release

108
Q

force-length relationship

A

sliding filament sarcomere structure has implications for muscle force production. when a muscle is maximally activated, the isometric force that is produced is dependent upon muscle length

109
Q

isometric force

A

the generation of force without muscle movement

110
Q

ascending limb

A

sarcomeres shortened, mechanism for reduced force unknown. shorter limb = less force

111
Q

plateau

A

optimal overlap of actin/myosin = maximal cross bridges = maximal force

112
Q

descending limb

A

as length increases, fewer actin sites overlap myosin

113
Q

passive muscle stretch

A

activates spindle stretch receptors and causes increased rate of action potentials in the afferent neuron

114
Q

degree of muscle activation

A

number of active sarcomeres. Determines force produced

115
Q

parallel elastic component

A

passive elasticity derived from muscle membranes

116
Q

force-velocity relationship

A

as speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases

117
Q

isometric

A

high force, velocity = 0
- no movement

118
Q

concentric

A

low force, high velocity, cross bridges can only go so fast
- shortening

119
Q

eccentric

A

poorly understood
- lengthening

120
Q

torque

A

force x moment arm. muscles can only produce so much force, but we can change the angle at which it acts and therefore change the moment arm

121
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of action of a force. changes depending on angle of insertion

122
Q

sliding filament theory states (5)

A
  1. bound state
  2. power stroke
  3. rigor state
  4. relaxed state
  5. binding state
123
Q

pennation angle

A

angle at which muscle fibres all connect together in the tendon

124
Q

unipennate muscle

A

all the muscle fibres are on the same side of the tendon

125
Q

bipennate muscle

A

muscle fibres on both sides of the tendon; rectus femoris

126
Q

multipennate muscle

A

has branches of the tendon within the muscle

127
Q

grade 1 strain

A

overstretching leading to localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness

128
Q

grade 2 strain

A

partial tearing of muscle or tendon

129
Q

grade 3 strain

A

a palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, an d poor motor function

130
Q

symptoms of strains

A

swelling, bruising or redness, pain at rest, inability to use muscle or muscle weakness

131
Q

first aid for strains

A

Protections
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

132
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

dense tissue, large number of collagen fibres organized into parallel bundles
- includes ligaments and tendons

133
Q

adipose

A

fat tissue

134
Q

what age and onwards has progressive muscle loss with aging?

A

30

135
Q

increased bone density

A

increased mineral density and calcium absorption increase bone strength as a result of weight-bearing activities, prevents osteoporosis

136
Q

firing rate

A

the rate at which a neuron produces action potentials; usually expressed in terms of spikes per second

Kin 1060 (11 decks)

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