2-4 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
body’s response to a serious threat to one’s well-being, eg bear in woods
A
fear
2
Q
body’s response to a vague sense of being in danger
A
ANXIETY
3
Q
How are fear and anxiety alike
A
same physiological features, increase respiration, perspiration, muscle tension, and others
4
Q
Most common mental disorder in US, 29% of adults experience one of the ________ disorders at some point in their lives
A
anxiety
5
Q
How many people with an anxiety disorder get treatment
A
1/5th
6
Q
Most individuals with one anxiety disorder also suffer from
A
a second one
7
Q
DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders
A
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Specific phobias, Agoraphobia, Social anxiety disorder, Panic disorder
8
Q
Anxiety also plays a major role in what groups of problems
A
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders
9
Q
Disorder that is common in Western society, DSM code 300.02, usually appears in childhood, more women than men, about a quarter get treatment
A
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
10
Q
Three dx factors for GAD
A
Symptoms 6+ months; Include three+ of edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritabiIity, muscle tension, sleep problems; Significant distress or impairment “white-knuckle” through life
11
Q
Term for unable to pinpoint source of anxiety, so source jumps from topic to topic
A
Free floating anxiety
12
Q
Sociocultural perspective about GAD, most likely to develop in people facing what
A
dangerous societal conditions, live in poverty, discrimination, low income, no opportunities
13
Q
Most people living in dangerous environments do/do not develop GAD
A
do not develop GAD
14
Q
Freud perspective on GAD
A
when parents prevent children from expressing Id impulses, sets state for GAD
15
Q
Modern psychodynamic perspective on GAD
A
disagree with Freudian specifics, but more general problems with parent-child relationship
16
Q
Psychodynamic therapies for GAD
A
free association, transference, resistance, and dreams
17
Q
Psychodynamic object-relations theorist treatment approach to GAD
A
identify and settle early relationship problems
18
Q
Freudians focus less on fear and more on what for treatment of GAD
A
control of id
19
Q
Humanistic theorists propose that GAD
A
Arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
20
Q
Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) view on GAD
A
client not giving themselves unconditional positive regard, threatening self-judgments cause anxiety
21
Q
Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) treatment for GAD
A
learning to love yourself again, give yourself positive regard
22
Q
Cognitive perspective on GAD (Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck)
A
maladaptive assumptions particularly about dangerousness, dysfunction ways of thinking cause excessive worry
23
Q
Albert Ellis developed what type of therapy
A
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
24
Q
Albert Ellis perspective on GAD
A
maladaptive assumptions centered on “must” language, eg must have the best, highest, most “musterbation”
25
Aaron Beck perspective on GAD maladaptive assumptions
silent assumptions, not necessarily aware of them
26
Research supports that people with GAD hold MALADAPTIVE ASSUMPTIONS particularly about
dangerousness, assume situation is unsafe until proven otherwise “always best to assume the worst”
27
Biological theorists believe that GAD is caused primarily by
biological factors
28
What type of research supports biological factors and GAD
PEDIGREE STUDIES
29
Explain GABA and anxiety
GABA is interrupted causing anxiety
30
Type and affect of medication used for GAD
benzodiazepine, enhances GABA
31
Structures in the brain that produce anxiety disorders like GAD
amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex
32
Biological treatment for GAD involving barbiturates, benzodiazepines, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications
drug therapy
33
Drug of choice for GAD in the early 1950s
sedative-hypnotic drugs (barbiturates)
34
Drug of choice for GAD after the 1950s, less dangerous than barbiturates
benzodiazepines
35
More recent classes of drugs for treatment of GAD
antidepressant and antipsychotics
36
Alternative biological treatment for GAD that does not use drugs
relaxation training
37
Theory of why relaxation training for GAD works
physical relaxation will lead to psychological relaxation
38
Relaxation training is often paired with what other technique
systematic desensitization (fear hierarchy)
39
Relaxation training for GAD is best used in combination with what other two approaches
cognitive therapy and biofeedback
40
Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations
phobias
41
Phobias often involve avoidance of what
object or thoughts about it
42
DSM-5 term for category label for an intense and persistent fear of a specific object of situation
specific phobias
43
DSM-5 code for phobias
300.29
44
DSM-5 term for broader kind of phobia
agoraphobia
45
Most common specific phobias
specific animals or insects, heights, thunderstorms, and blood
46
Impact of specific phobias
Dependent on what arouses the fear, Most people do not seek treatment
47
Prevalence of phobias
12% of people develop phobias during their lives, women > men
48
DSM-5 code for agoraphobia
300.22
49
Many people with agoraphobia avoid what
crowded places, driving, and public transportation
50
Many people with agoraphobia are prone to what secondary problem
panic attacks
51
Many people with agoraphobia may receive a second diagnosis of
panic disorder
52
Five dx factors for agoraphobia
(1) pronounced, disproportionate, repeated fear of at least two—public transportation, parking lots, away from home, crowded places, (2) fear of being unable to escape or get help, avoidance of situation, symptoms 6+ mos, (5) significant distress or impairment
53
Various models offer explanations for phobias, but evidence tends to support what
the behavioral explanations
54
Phobias develop through what three ways
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, MODELING, STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
55
What is used when baby Albert is afraid of white rates because they were paired with a loud clanging noise
classical conditioning
56
What is used when baby Albert is Afraid of all fuzzy things because he is afraid of the white rat
stimulus generalization
57
What is used when we see someone else afraid of snakes and we become afraid of snakes
modelling
58
Term for predisposition to certain phobias because of evolution and staying safe
preparedness
59
Name of perspective that describes preparedness because human beings are theoretically more "prepared" to acquire some phobias than others
Behavioral-evolutionary perspective
60
Behavioral-evolutionary perspective explains what
why some phobias are more common than others
61
What treatment model is most widely used for phobias
behavioral approach
62
Two classes of treatments for phobias
exposure treatments and others
63
Two types of exposure treatments for phobias
systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization
64
Exposure treatment that involves combining relaxation training and exposure to fears
systematic desensitization
65
Therapist that promoted systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
66
Exposure treatment that involves client in safe place, mimicking fear (eg climb on chair for fear of heights), and rescuing client
in vivo desensitization
67
Two other treatments for phobias
flooding, modeling
68
Phobia treatment that involves repeatedly exposing client to fear until client realizes that there is nothing to fear
flooding
69
Phobia treatment in which therapist performs what client fears and client observes that there is nothing to fear
modeling
70
Clinical research supports that the key to success for treating phobia with exposure therapies is what
actual contact with the feared object or situation
71
A growing number of therapists are using what as a useful exposure tool
virtual reality
72
_________ is the most common and effective treatment for agoraphobia
EXPOSURE APPROACH
73
Treatment impacts for agoraphobia
60-80% of clients with agoraphobia have some success, improvements often partial
74
Severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which scrutiny by others and embarrassment may occur
Social Anxiety Disorder
75
DSM-5 code for Social Anxiety Disorder
300.23
76
Three forms of Social Anxiety Disorder
narrow, broad, both forms
77
Five dx factor checklist
(1) pronounced, repeated, disproportionate, 6+ mos, (2) Fear of being negatively evaluated or offensive, (3) anxiety from exposure to social situation, (4) avoidance of feared situations, (5) Significant distress or impairment
78
Type of SAD in which folks will judge themselves too harshly
both narrow and broad forms
79
Type of SAD in which client is afraid of talking, performing, eating, or writing in public
narrow SAD
80
Type of SAD in which client has general fear of functioning inadequately in front of others
broad SAD
81
Leading theoretical approach for SAD
cognitive approach
82
Summary of cognitive approach to SAD
People with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them, eg unrealistic social standards, they’re unattractive, inept, not control over feelings etc
83
Three ways to reduce social fears in SAD
medication, psychotherapy, cognitive therapies
84
Class of medication for SAD
antidepressants
85
Type of psychotherapy used for SAD
exposure therapy
86
Two ways to improve social skills in SAD
assertiveness training, other behavioral techniques
87
Disorder in which attacks feature at least four of the following symptoms
Palpitations of the heart, Tingling in the hands or feet, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Hot and cold flashes, trembling, Chest pains, Choking sensations, Faintness, fear of dying
88
DSM-5 code for panic disorder
300.01
89
Panic Disorder two factors dx checklist
(1) Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly, (2) One or more of (a) At least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks, (b) At least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks
90
Panic disorder characteristics
same across cultures/races, late adulthood, 2x more women than men, 50% higher in poor, often accompanied by agoraphobia
91
Heart problem that may mimic symptoms of panic disorder
mitral valve prolapse
92
Biological perspective on panic disorder
abnormal amounts of norepinephrine in brain
93
Animal research reveals panic reactions may be related to increases in norepinephrine activity in the __________
LOCUS CERULEUS
94
Results from twin study research into panic disorder suggests what
predisposition is inherited
95
Newer biological research for panic disorder suggests what brain structure as the root of the problem
amygdala
96
Does new research suggest one structure or neurotransmitter for panic attacks
no, more complicated than single neurotransmitter or structure
97
New research for panic disorder suggests oversensitivity what nervous system is related to panic disorder
sympathetic nervous system
98
Preferred drug therapy for treating panic disorder
antidepressants, esp SSRIs
99
Where do antidepressants work in the NS to alleviate panic disorder
norepinephrine receptors in the brain
100
Another less desirable, addictive drug for panic disorder
benzodiazepines
101
Cognitive approach to treating panic disorder
high degree of anxiety sensitivity, interpret anxiety sensations illogically that danger is all around
102
Cognitive treatment for panic disorder, produce hyperventilation or other biological sensations
BIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE TESTS
103
Cognitive therapy number one goal
Tries to correct people's misinterpretations of their bodily sensations (Clark, Beck, et al.)
104
Secondary goal of cognitive therapy for panic disorder
cognitive restructuring
105
Cognitive therapy process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts
Cognitive restructuring
106
Best therapy approach for panic disorder
combination therapy, eg cognitive and drug
107
Disorder made up of obsessions and compulsions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
108
DSM-5 code for OCD
300.3
109
Persistent thoughts that are intrusive and anxiety provoking
obsessions
110
Most common theme of obsessions
dirt/contamination, aggression/violence, orderliness, religion, sexuality
111
Repetitive, rigid, yet voluntary behaviors performed persistently that temporarily relieve anxiety provoked by obsessions
Compulsions
112
Over time compulsive behaviors develops how
become ritualistic and develop common themes, eg performed in a certain order, organized a certain way, touch certain number of times, counting certain number of actions
113
Obsessive compulsive disorder 3 factor dx checklist
(1) occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, both, that (2) take up considerable time, and (3) significant distress or impairment
114
Is OCD equally common in men or women?
both
115
Behaviorists explanation of OCD
Concentrate on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions
116
Behaviorist psychologist who argues that OCD compulsions appear to be rewarded by an eventual decrease in anxiety
Stanley Rachman
117
Behavioral therapy for OCD
exposure and response prevention therapy
118
Therapy that exposes client to obsessions and prevents client from engaging in compulsion, can be performed in individual, group, and self-help settings
Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
119
Cognitive perspective on OCD
everyone has intrusive thoughts, OCDers blame themselves, try to neutralize thoughts with compulsive behaviors
120
Cognitive response to criticism that theory is too broad
OCDers have high standards of morality and conduct, believe thoughts are equal to actions, believe they can have perfect control over thoughts and behaviors
121
Cognitive therapy for OCD includes what
psychoeducation, identify, challenge, and change distorted thinking
122
Biological perspective on OCD, two lines of research show what two biological factors
abnormal serotonin activity, abnormal activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
123
Brain structures involves in OCD
orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, amygdala, cingulate cortex
124
Biological therapies for OCD
serotonin-based therapies (50-80% improvement), relapse with cessation
125
Research suggests what therapy approaches for OCD are best
combination of medication and cognitive therapy
126
Four subcategories of OCD
hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation, body dysmorphic disorder
127
Disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items
hoarding disorder
128
Disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from scalp, eyebrows, or other parts of the body
trichotillomania
129
Disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in wounds or sores
excoriation disorder
130
Disorder in which individuals believe that they have certain defects of flaws in their physical appearance
body dysmorphic disorder
