3-10 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Any substance that affects our bodies and minds
A
drug
2
Q
Does substance include alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine?
A
yes
3
Q
a temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination
A
INTOXICATION
4
Q
consists of perceptual distortions and hallucinations
A
HALLUCINOSIS
5
Q
Example of a substance that produces hallucinosis
A
LSD
6
Q
Pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of substances
A
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
7
Q
People sometimes become physically dependent on the substances, developing a __________for it and experiencing __________
A
TOLERANCE, WITHDRAWAL
8
Q
The brain and body’s need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects
A
TOLERANCE
9
Q
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous, reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
A
WITHDRAWAL
10
Q
Four categories of substances used and studied
A
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis
11
Q
Methods of availability of drugs in our society
A
Harvested from nature; derived from natural substances; produced in laboratory; Require a physician’s prescription; legally available to adults; some illegal under all circumstances
12
Q
Category of substance that may slow the activity of the CNS, Reduce tension and inhibitions, May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration
A
Depressants
13
Q
Three most widely used depressants
A
alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, opioids
14
Q
Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages
A
ethyl alcohol
15
Q
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed where and effects what
A
stomach lining; CNS
16
Q
Ethyl alcohol help what neurotransmitter shut down neurons and relax the drinker
A
GABA
17
Q
Levels of impairment are tied to what acronym
A
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
18
Q
A given amount of alcohol has a lesser effect on a ______ person than a _______ one
A
large, small
19
Q
an enzyme in the stomach that metabolizes alcohol before it enters the blood
A
DEHYDROGENASE
20
Q
Women have less of what enzyme and become more intoxicated than men on equal doses of alcohol
A
alcohol DEHYDROGENASE
21
Q
BAC associated with relaxation and comfort
A
BAC 0.06
22
Q
BAC associated with intoxication
A
BAC 0.09
23
Q
BAC associated with death
A
0.55
24
Q
Organ where alcohol is metabolized
A
liver
25
Rate at which liver metabolizes alcohol
0.25oz/hr, can’t speed up
26
First brain area effected by alcohol
judgment and inhibition
27
Second brain area effected by alcohol
less ability to make judgments, speak clearly, remember well
28
Third brain area effected by alcohol
increased motor difficulties, reaction time slows
29
In general, people with alcohol use disorder do what three things
(1) Drink large amounts regularly, (2) Rely on it to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious, (3) Eventually find drinking interferes with social behavior and the ability to think and work
30
Levels of impairment are closely related to the concentration of
ethyl alcohol in the blood
31
Most of the alcohol is broken down, or metabolized, by the liver into
carbon dioxide and water, which can be exhaled and excreted
32
The average rate of this metabolism is
25 percent of an ounce per hour, but different people’s livers work at different speeds; thus rates of “sobering up” vary
33
Type of drinking that is a serious problem on college campuses
Binge drinking
34
Increased tolerance of alcohol requires what to feel its effects
greater amounts
35
Withdrawal symptoms sometimes experienced at cessation of drinking
nausea and vomiting
36
A dramatic withdrawal reaction experienced by some people with alcoholism. It consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations
DELIRIUM TREMENS (DTs)
37
Demographics of DTs
men > women, some teenagers
38
Three ways alcohol can damage people
physical health, nutritional, fetal alcohol syndrome
39
Term for physical health liver damage due to alcohol
cirrhosis
40
A nutrition problem alcohol-related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms
Korsakoff’s syndrome
41
A cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weigh and irregularities in the head
Fetal alcohol syndrome
42
A class of drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called an anxiolytic drug
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS
43
Two examples of SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS
BARBITURATES, BENZODIAZEPINES
44
Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep
Barbiturates
45
At low doses, ___________ are similar in effect to alcohol by attaching to GABA receptors, but at high doses, they slow breathing and are lethal
barbiturates
46
Repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
47
A great danger of barbiturate tolerance is that the _________________, even while the body is building a tolerance for the sedative effects
lethal dose of the drug remains the same
48
Barbiturates have largely been replaced with
Benzodiazepines
49
Benzodiazepine withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause
convulsions
50
Three common benzos
Xanax, Ativan, and Valium
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Have depressant effect on the CNS by binding to GABA receptors and increasing GABA activity
Benzodiazepines
52
Relieve anxiety without causing drowsiness, less likely to slow breathing and lead to death by overdose, Can cause intoxication and lead to addiction
Benzodiazepines
53
Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine
Opioid
54
A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy
Opium
55
Term for both natural and synthetic opioids
narcotics
56
Most common method of narcotics use, although other techniques have been increasing in recent years
Injection
57
A spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm
rush
58
An injection of narcotics quickly brings on a
“rush”
59
Opioids bind to the receptors in the brain that ordinarily receive
endorphins
60
When these sites receive opioids, they produce_____________, just as endorphins do
pleasurable and calming feelings
61
In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids can cause what three negative things
nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation
62
Narcotic overdose danger is from what problem in the brain
drug closes down the respiratory center in the brain, paralyzing breathing and causing death, likely during sleep
63
Term for people who resume use after having avoided it for some time often make the fatal mistake of taking the same dose they had built up to before
Ignorance of tolerance
64
Users run the risk of getting__________, Opioids are often “cut” with noxious chemicals
impure drugs
65
Dirty needles and other equipment can spread
infection
66
Increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS); in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness; and behavior and thinking
STIMULANTS
67
Most troublesome stimulants
Cocaine, Amphetamines
68
Most widely used and legal stimulants
Caffeine, Nicotine
69
An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known
COCAINE
70
High doses of cocaine can produce______________, whose symptoms include mania, paranoia, and impaired judgment
COCAINE INTOXICATION
71
As the stimulant effects of the drug subside, the user experiences a depression-like letdown, popularly called
CRASHING
72
Two newer, cheaper, more powerful versions of cocaine
freebase and crack
73
Form of cocaine where the drug is heated and inhaled with a pipe
freebase
74
Powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down for smoking in a pipe
Crack
75
Physical risks of cocaine use
overdose, depressed respiratory function, heart failre, miscarriage and fetal abnormalities
76
stimulant drugs manufactured in the laboratory and most often taken in pill or capsule form
Amphetamines
77
In small doses, amphetamines increase ________ and reduce _____
energy and alertness, appetite
78
In high doses, amphetamines produce what and cause what as they leave the body
rush, intoxication, and psychosis; emotional letdown
79
Amphetamines stimulate the CNS by increasing what neurotransmitters
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
80
Three popular kinds of amphetamines
Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine
81
A powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, “club drug,” stovetop labs, major health and law enforcement problems
Methamphetamine
82
Disorder involving regular use of either cocaine or amphetamine, gradual domination of individual's life, can result in tolerance and withdrawal reactions
Stimulant Use Disorder
83
one of the most famous and powerful hallucinogens, Tolerance and withdrawal are rare
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
84
hallucinogen intoxication, Increased and altered sensory perception, extremely strong emotions, effects that wear off in about 6 hours
HALLUCINOSIS
85
LSD produces effects by binding to what neurotransmitter receptors that help control visual information and emotions
serotonin
86
The drug may cause different senses to cross, an effect called
SYNESTHESIA
87
Two natural hallucinogens
mescaline, psilocybin
88
Two laboratory produced hallucinogens
LSD, MDMA
89
Drug produced from varieties of the hemp plant
Cannabis
90
Two popular forms of cannabis
hashish, marijuana
91
the solidified resin of the cannabis plant
HASHISH
92
a mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops of the cannabis plant
MARIJUANA
93
Psychoactive ingredient of cannabis
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
94
Development of tolerance and withdrawal, experiencing flulike symptoms, restlessness, and irritability when drug use is stopped. Possible cause is change in drug itself
CANNABIS USE DISORDER
95
Negative side effects of cannabis use
panic reactions, implication oin car accidents, poor concentration, impaired memory, long-term respiratory problems, lung cancer, low sperm count, abnormal ovulation
96
Term for popular marijuana edibles
medibles
97
______ played a role in medicine, but fell out of favor and was criminalized; recent efforts to decriminalize
Cannabis
98
People often take more than one drug at a time, a pattern called
POLYSUBSTANCE USE
99
As many as 90% of people who use one illegal drug are also using
another illegal drug
100
Term for when different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other's effects, combination is greater tan any individual drug
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS
101
Term for a different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite effects
antagonistic
102
Best sociocultural, psychological, and biological explanations
combination of factors
103
Sociocultural views of SUD
higher SUD with lower socioeconomic status, higher unemployment
104
Substance use disorder is likely to appear in families and social environments where
substance use is valued or accepted
105
Behaviorists suggest ___________ plays a key role in substance abuse
operant conditioning
106
Describe operant conditioning and SUD
Reward of taking drugs produces expectation that drugs will be rewarding, motivates individuals to increase substance use during times of tension
107
Hypothesis that rewarding effects of drugs leads users to try higher doses or more powerful methods
self-medication hypothesis
108
Behaviorists operant conditioning model supports what hypothesis
self-medication hypothesis
109
If behaviorists operant conditioning model is true, one would expect higher rates of substance use among people with
psychological problems
110
Biological views of SUD
genetics, twin studies, and “alcohol-preferring” animals support genetic basis
111
An abnormal form of the _________receptor gene was found in the majority of subjects with alcohol or other substance dependence, but in less than 20 percent of nondependent subjects
dopamine-2 (D2)
112
Biological explanations of drug tolerance and withdrawal based on NT functioning in the brain, “pleasure pathway” is related to what factors
biochemical factors
113
In biological model, what is the key neurotransmitter for activating the reward center /”pleasure pathway”
dopamine
114
What other type of legal substance activates the same dopamine reward center as cocaine and morphine
high fat, high sugar foods eg oreos
115
When substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances; considerable support in animal studies
INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY
116
Reward center is not readily activated by “normal” life events so people turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
REWARD-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
117
Behavioral classical conditioning therapy where Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug
AVERSION THERAPY
118
Aversion Therapy applied to alcoholism, what are two negative stimuli paired with alcohol
drug-induced nausea and vomiting; imagining extremely upsetting, repulsive, or frightening scenes
119
Cognitive treatments for substance use disorders
identify and change the patterns and cognitions contributing to their patterns of substance misuse
120
Most prominent cognitive therapy for SUD
relapse-prevention training
121
Cognitive therapy approach which helps clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors; intoxication and binge drinking treatment
RELAPSE-PREVENTION TRAINING
122
Cognitive therapy that provides a mindfulness-based approach to SUD management
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY
123
Cognitive approach used particularly to treat binge drinking
relapse-prevention training
124
Several strategies for relapse-prevention training
log drinking, spacing or sipping drinks, plan drinking ahead of time
125
Success of cognitive-behavioral approaches
limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches
126
General overview of biological approach to SUD treatment
Help people withdraw, abstain from them, or maintain their level of substance use without further increases
127
Three biological treatments for SUD
detoxification, antagonist drug, drug maintenance therapy
128
Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug, Can be outpatient or inpatient
DETOXIFICATION
129
Two strategies for detox
tapering off doses, give medication to block withdrawal symptoms
130
Biological approach drugs given to block or change the effects of the addictive substance as an aid to resist falling back into a pattern of misuse
ANTAGONIST DRUGS
131
Antagonist drug given for alcohol
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
132
Antagonist drug given for opiods
Naloxone
133
Biological therapy eg methadone maintenance programs are designed to provide a safe substitute for heroin
DRUG MAINTENANCE THERAPY
134
Laboratory opioid with a long half-life, taken orally once a day
METHADONE
135
Effectiveness of biological approaches to SUDs
limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches
136
Four sociocultural therapies for SUDs
self-help, residential treatment centers, culture and gender sensitive programs, community prevention programs
137
Organization that offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism
Alcoholics Anonymous
138
It is worth noting that the __________ goal of AA directly opposes the controlled-drinking goal of relapse prevention training and several other interventions for substance misuse
abstinence
139
SUDs treatment approach in which People formerly dependent on drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies
residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities
140
Perhaps the most effective approach to substance-related disorders is
to prevent them
