2 Flashcards

(121 cards)

1
Q

a competition held in the city of Florence
in 1401 for the design of the doors for the city’s
new baptistery. who was winner

A

lorenzo ghiberti

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2
Q

ghierti’s design

A

had figures harkening back to those
of classical Greece. Ghiberti’s panel design depicts
the sacrifice of Isaac, in which Isaac appears as a
classical Greek figure.

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3
Q

gates of paradise

A

door panels for cathedral entrance, made by ghiberti

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4
Q

fillipo brunelleschi

A

After losing the
competition, he concentrated on architecture and
won a competition to complete the dome of the cathedral
in Florence, which had remained unfinished
for many years because architects had not been able
to construct the huge vault that was required to
span the open space. Brunelleschi achieved this major
engineering feat with the help of a double-shelled
dome design that has been imitated by many later
architects.

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5
Q

Brunelleschi is also credited with developing

A

linear (single vanishing point) perspective.

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6
Q

Masaccio (1401-28), a Renaissance painter, is
given credit for putting Brunelleschi’s theory into
practice, as he used both __ and __ in his frescoes

A

linear and aerial perspective

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7
Q

donatello best known for? most famous work?

A

founder of modern sculpture.

bronze statue of david

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8
Q

botticelli

A

his best-known painting, The
Birth of Venus ( c. 1482), established an image of female
beauty that has lasted through the centuries.
His long-necked Venus with her languid pose and
flowing hair was one of the first paintings of a fulllength
nude female since antiquity.

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9
Q

leondaro’s key innovation

A

sfumato – from the Italian word [umo,
meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a
blurred outline. Sfumato allows forms to blend subtly
into one another without perceptible transitions.

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10
Q

leondaro da vinci’s 2 most famous paintings

A

mona lisa, the last supper

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11
Q

high renaissacne - 2 famous “renaissance men”

A

leonardo da vinci and michelangelo

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12
Q

Michelangelo di Buonarotti,

A

competition w/ flawed marble. created llarger than life statue of david; meant to be viewed from far below (placed on the high facade of florence cathedral”. spent 4 years in frescoe of sistine chapel

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13
Q

sanzio vs michelangelo

A

Raphael was not a loner, but employed numerous
assistants to help him cover the Pope’s official
chambers with large, sumptuous frescoes,

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14
Q

2 of sanzio’s masterworks

A

school of athens, sistine madonna

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15
Q

school of athens

A

homage to the

great Greek philosophers and scientists.

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16
Q

sistine madonnna

A

created an image of the Virgin Mary
that has endured in religious paintings throughout
the centuries.

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17
Q

Giorgione
(14 77 /78-1510) is credited with making innovations
in the subject matter

A

as he painted
scenes not taken from the Bible or from classical or
allegorical stories.

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18
Q

Prior to Giorgione’s painting The

Tempest (c. 1508), artists had generally

A

begun with
the figures that were to be the subject matter of the
painting and then added the background

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19
Q

georgione’s most famous work

A

the tempest – landscape became the subject. the figures depicted are of lesser importance
than the storm that threatens them

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20
Q

prolific venetian painters

A

georgione, tintoretto, titian vecelli

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21
Q

how was Titian was an innovative

portraitist.

A

He used various elements of setting,
such as a column or a curtain, as the backdrop for
his portraits instead of an atmospheric neutral
background, as had been the custom

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22
Q

tintoretto is often linked with an artistic style called

A

mannerism

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23
Q

Mannerist works are characterized

by

A

the distortion of certain elements such as perspective
or scale and are also recognizable by their
use of acidic colors and the twisted positioning of
their subjects

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24
Q

Although Tintoretto used some Mannerist

pictorial techniques,

A

his color schemes differed

from those of the Mannerists.

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25
Tintoretto presented his figures from dramatic angles-it is said that
he used small figures as models and arranged them and rearranged them until he had the most dramatic effect. He also used chiaroscuro
26
chiaroscuro,
dramatic constrasts of ligt and dark used to heighten the | emotional impact of his subjects
27
One of the most important events impacting | the history of sixteenth-century art was
the reformation
28
what happened during reformation
Protestants criticized the opulence and corruption of the Catholic Church and called for its purification
29
what happened to art during the reformation
this meant a move away from the richly decorated churches and religious imagery of the Renaissance.
30
counter reformation emphasized
even more than before, lavish church decoration and art of a highly dramatic and emotional nature
31
One of the artists most closely associated with the Counter Reformation is
Dominikos Theotokopoulos, known as El Greco
32
el greco was influneced by
tintoeretto
33
most well known mannerist painter
el greco
34
art in northern vs southern europe
nothern - smaller scale; more realistic
35
why were northern european paintings more realistic
oil paints
36
__ and __ are often considered the | greatest artists of the Renaissance in northern Europe
matthias grunewald, albrecht durer
37
grunewald best known for
his religious scenes and | his depiction of Christ's crucifixion
38
gruenwald's masterpiece
isemheim altarpiece; work consisting of nine | panels mounted on two sets of folding wings
39
most famous artist of reformation germany
albrecht durer
40
durer's style
combined the naturalistic detail favored by artists of the north with the theoretical ideas developed by Italian artists
41
what did durer produce
wrote about theories of art and published many series of woodcuts and copper engravings, such as The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
42
Hans Holbein the Younger
became court painter to King Henry VIII of England, and his portrait of Henry VIII shows not only his talent for presenting details, but also his ability to capture the psychological character of his subjects.
43
"baroque" refers to
late 16th century - mid 18th century artworks
44
Baroque | styles differed from those of the Renaissance in that
Baroque artworks tended to be less static than Renaissance examples; the Baroque is characterized by a greater sense of movement and energy
45
political diff -- baroque vs renaissance
renaissance - conflict btwn cities | baroque - conflict btwn empires
46
baroque art appealed largely to the
emotions
47
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were a time when society was governed by a ruling class that
viewed its power as a divine | right
48
which enlightenment author complained about wealth gap
jean-jacques rousseau
49
The word "baroque" has come to represent
the richness of color and ornamentation that heightened the energy and emotion that were characteristic of the great works of art of this period. dyamic works presented imagery in the MOST DRAMATIC way possible
50
Baroque painters made use of
chiaroscuro, using exaggerated contrasts between light and dark to create a theatrical kind oflighting that made the subject appear to be in a spotlight.
51
caravaggio
an Italian Baroque painter, was renowned for his dramatic use of light and dark, and his technique influenced many artists who followed. Caravaggio's work is so important that artworks using extremes of dark and light are often termed "caravaggesque." Caravaggio's work is also notable for its provocative degree of naturalism.
52
caravaggio depicted virgin mary and apostles not as
noble figures in classical garb as they had traditionally been represented, but instead depicted them as poor and simple folks in threadbare garments.
53
Artemisia Gentileschi
w/ recent revisions of art history, she has joined the ranks of important baroque artists. She is particularly known for her remarkable adaptation of Carravaggio's techniques. Her works include self-portraits and paintings of old testament women
54
most important baroque artist
gianlorenzo bernini
55
since bernini worked as a | designer in the theater,
many of his works reflect | the influence of his theatrical background
56
bernini's most iportant masterpiece
Ecstasy of Saint | Teresa, set into the altar of the coronaro chapel
57
bernini did his most significant work in
sculpture
58
bernini's early life
the son of a sculptor, was a child prodigy who received recognition from the Pope at age seventeen.
59
describe ecstasy of saint teresa
The space includes a concealed stainedglass | window that bathes the figure of the saint indramatic gold lighting, as if she were on a stage
60
how did Bernini | treated his medium in a new way as well.
He did not adhere to the classical calm and natural flow of drapery around the figure that had been used in the past. Instead, Bernini pushed the use of marble to new limits and tried to make stone look like real fabric and even clouds
61
rembrandt van rijn
a Dutch artist, created some of the best-known works from the Baroque period. Rembrandt is recognized not only as a painter and printmaker, but also as one of the greatest draftsmen ever
62
rembrandt's best known work
The Night Watch (1642), more properly known as Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard
63
break in tradition w/ the night watch
Like many other group portraits of the time, each member of the company depicted paid a certain sum to be included in the painting. Rembrandt chose to break with tradition and grouped the members of the company in a way that gave more attention to some members than to others.
64
french ruler during baroque period
louis XIV
65
what did louis xiv do
united all of France and built a lavish palace at Versailles beginning in 1669. The palace and its grounds covered about two hundred acres and included various grand chateaux and gardens. There was a stable, capable of housing hundreds of horses, and a grand orangerie, or greenhouse, for the king's orange trees. Eventually there was also a zoo and a system of fountains and waterfalls that included a grand canal large enough for the staging of mock sea battles.
66
orangerie
greenhouse
67
sun king
ex: louis xiv, around whom the world of the court revolved
68
important feature os louis xiv's court
to influence art well into the nineteenth century was the system of choosing and supporting artists called the Salon. This annual exhibition established a set of rules for judging art that is still influential in the art world today. It was also under the rule of Louis XIV that the Academic Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, often referred to simply as the "Academy," was established, and it soon came to be a means for imposing aesthetic standards and principles of taste.
69
diego valezquez
court painter of king philip IV of spain. method of building his figures from patches of color, rather than starting from a drawing, became a model for many later artists. In fact, Velazquez's work had an influence on the movement we call Impressionism
70
rococo vs baroque
Whereas the Baroque aimed to arouse grand emotions, Rococo works were celebrations of gaiety, romance, and the frivolity of the grand life at court, particularly the court at Versailles.The emphasis was on light-hearted decoration with the use of gold and pastel colors.
71
3 most famous rococo artists
jeane-antoine watteau, francois boucher, jean honore fragonard
72
Jean-Antoine Watteau
was the leader of a new generation and the innovator of a new genre of painting called the fete galante. Paintings of this genre generally depicted members of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying leisure time in the countryside
73
francois boucher
was influenced by Watteau's delicate style. He became the favorite painter of Madame Pompadour, mistress to Louis XV, and his works often transformed the characters of classical myth into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on nubile nudes.
74
jean honore fragonard
was also promoted by Madame Pompadour. Fragonard studied with Boucher, and his works strongly reflect Boucher's influence.
75
art after revolution of 1789
In an attempt to hearken back to the democratic ideals of the ancient world, art of this period demonstrated a revival of interest in the art of classical Greece and Rome. This style, called Neoclassicism, emerged in the decades leading up to the Revolution and was also influenced by Enlightenment philosophy.
76
The Neoclassical style, a direct challenge to
the Rococo and its associations with the aristocracy
77
neoclassicism epitomized in
``` the work of Jacques Louis David (1748-1825), whose paintings, such as the Oath of the Horatii (1784), illustrated republican virtues. ```
78
what was ironic about jacques louis david
Following the Revolution, David joined members of the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies. Later he became a dedicated painter to Napoleon Bonaparte, and in this capacity he painted large propagandistic canvases that would seem to undermine his earlier revolutionary ideals.
79
jean dominique ingres
david's pupil. his work shows the sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order that are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style.
80
romanticism
This style hearkened back to the emotional emphasis of the Baroque and had similar characteristics, though the subject matter was different. Whereas Neoclassical works emphasized line, order, and a cool detachment, Romantic painting tended to be highly imaginative and was characterized by an emotional and dreamlike quality-the Romantics favored feeling over reason.
81
Romantic works are also characterized by
incorporation of exotic or melodramatic elements and often took awe-inspiring natural wonders as their subject matter.
82
eugene delacroix
proponent of romanticism. rival of ingres. his work centered on exotic themes and included foreign settings, violence involving animals, and historical subject matter.
83
3 important romantic artists
theodore gericault, william blake, eugene delacroix
84
realism was a reaction to
neoclassicism and romanticism
85
The Realist style was | inspired by the idea that
painting must illustrate all the features of its subjects, including the negative ones. It was also obligated to show the lives of ordinary people as subjects that were as important as the historical and religious themes that dominated the art exhibitions of the day
86
artist who represented the realist movmenet most forcefully
gustave courbet
87
2 other realist artists other than courbet
honore daumier | jean francois millet
88
the stonebreakers
courbet. painting of ordinary workmen repairing a road at the official government-sponsored Salon. also had political implications in the context of a wave of revolutions that spread across Europe beginning in 1848.
89
describe courbet
a flamboyant and outgoing personality | who outraged conventional audiences
90
Impressionism largely grew out of
dissatisfaction with the rigid rules that had come to dominate the Salons held to recognize selected artists each year.
91
edouard manet
referred to as "first impressionist" but refused to consider himself as an impressionist. his work showed light by juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors
92
salon des refuses
an exhibit of | works rejected by the "official" Salon
93
manet's controversial painting
Le Dejeuner sur L'herbe [Luncheon on the Grass) . its violation of the unwritten rule that the only appropriate nudes in contemporary art were classical figures or women in suitably exotic settings. In Luncheon on the Grass, Manet based his work on an engraving with a classical subject matter, but he showed contemporary clothed men with a nude woman as part of the group.
94
monet's work
impression, sunrise. the critics seized on this mere "impression" as a means by which to ridicule the movement.
95
It was Monet who urged his fellow artists to work outdoors, and these endeavors were aided by
technical advances in paint and brush production that made the medium more portable
96
how did impressionist artists paint
put their colors directly on the canvas with rapid strokes to capture the rapidly changing light
97
Scientific studies | of vision and color led to the discovery that shadows
were not merely gray but that they reflected the | complementary color of the object casting them.
98
2 other impressionists
camille pissarro | alred sisley
99
paul cezanne
Dissatisfied with the lack of solid form. in Impressionist works, Cezanne set about redefining art in terms of form. most influential post-impressionist artist
100
cezanne suggested | that a painting could be structured
as a series of planes with a clear foreground, middle ground, and background and argued that the objects in the painting could all be reduced to their simplest underlying forms-a cube, a sphere, or a cone.
101
__ was a unifying feature for many of the | Post-Impressionists.
The ongoing search for more and more brilliant | color
102
The work of Georges Seurat | (1859-91) placed an emphasis on
the scientific rules | of color.
103
Seurat applied his colors
in small dots of complementary colors that blended in the eye of the viewer in what is called optical mixing. The results were vibrant, though the emphasis on technique also resulted in static compositions.
104
Van Gogh, using theories of __ and __, | set about ___
contrasting color and very direct application of paint; capturing the bright light of southern France.
105
Van Gogh developed the | idea that
the artist's colors should not slavishly imitate the colors of the natural world, but should be intensified to portray inner human emotions.
106
paul gauguin life story
Though he was a successful stockbroker, Gauguin left his wife and family while in his forties to pursue his art career. He worked for a short time with van Gogh in southern France but was still dissatisfied with his art. Searching for more intense color and a more "unschooled" style, he went to Tahiti, where he painted works that depict the island's lush, tropical setting and native people, as seen through the lens of colonialism.
107
edgar degas
often combined the snapshot style of photography with a Japanese-like perspective from slightly above his subject.
108
pre-raphaelites
In England, a group of artists dissatisfied with the effects of the Industrial Revolution banded together. These artists created a style that attempted to return to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art. The Pre-Raphaelites created many quasi-religious works that often blended Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements. emphasized nature and sweeping curves
109
pre-rephaealites paved the way for
art nouveau
110
art noveau
became popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was a style of decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines.
111
henri matisse and similar artists
used colors so intense that they violated the sensibilities of critics and the public alike. Taking their cue from van Gogh, these artists no longer thought their use of color needed to replicate color as seen in the real world.
112
fauves
"wild beasts." referred to henri matisse and his group of artists. they wildly used arbitrary color
113
pablo picasso and georges braque
developing a whole new system of art. Picasso and Braque broke down and analyzed form in new ways in the style that came to be known as Cubism. Psychologists had explained that human experience is much richer than can be gathered from a traditional painting that shows a single view from a fixed vantage point.
114
picasso and braque had the habit of breaking figures up into
multiple overlapping perspectivees
115
cubists were influence d by
African art, which they imagined to be more intuitive and closer to nature than intellectualized European art
116
expressionism
highly charged attempt to | make the inner workings of the mind visible in art
117
die brucke
In Germany, an art developed that emphasized emotional responses. A group of artists calling themselves Die Briicke, which included Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) and Emil Nolde (1867- 1956), took the brilliant arbitrary colors of the Fauvists and combined them with the intense feelings found in the work of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch
118
Der Blaue Reiter
Another Expressionist group in Germany. led by the Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944), who around 1913 began to paint totally abstract pictures without any pictorial subject.
119
De Stijl
Dutch artist Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), whose De Stijl canvases, consisting of flat fields of primary color, have become a hallmark of modern art.
120
Other pioneers of total | abstraction were
1. russian painter Kazimir Malevich | 2. Dutch artist Piet Mondrian
121
2 reasons responsible for the eventual shift of | the center of the art world from Paris to New York.
1. armory show | 2. effects of WWI