[2] Class 5- Theisen Fundametal Of Nutrition Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the cytosol?
A
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid synthesis
2
Q
What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the mitochondrial matrix?
A
TCA
Oxidative phosphorylation
ß-oxidation of FAs
Ketone body formation
3
Q
What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the interplay between both cytosol and mitochondrial matrix:
A
Gluconeogenesis
Urea synthesis
4
Q
7 forms of metabolism:
A
Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism FA metabolism Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation AA metabolism
5
Q
What organ can carry out all of the reactions in the major pathways?
A
Liver
6
Q
3 key points in metabolism:
A
Glucose-6-phosphate
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
7
Q
3 major elements of energy in body/foodstuff?
A
Sugars, proteins, lipids
8
Q
What dictates insulin/glucagon response or BG detection?
A
Liver
9
Q
Central component to all of metabolism
A
Carbon
10
Q
Carbohydrates and protein are both 4 kcal/g. So, if you eat the same amount, there is no difference in energy consumed, right?
A
No, there is a difference because of the different pathways the food req’s for breakdown..different amt’s of energy are required to break down either
11
Q
In what form does the body provide energy for the metabolism [breaking down] and catabolism [forming] of biomolecules?
A
In the form of ATP
12
Q
Biomolecules built from AA’s
Critically important in cell life
A
Proteins
13
Q
3 functions of proteins:
A
Fuel supply[TCA cycle->ATP production]
Structural support [elastin,keratin]
Activity[enzymes]
14
Q
Where can several AA’s be found in metabolism
A
As intermediates
15
Q
Nitrogen-containing carboxylic acids
Proteinogenic AAs Serve as basic building blocks of peptides and proteins
AA function as precursors of biologically important molecules:
-acetyl CoA, heme, melanin, amines, hormones(insulin/glucagon)
A
Amino acids
16
Q
What kind of amino acids are required for maintaining health?
A
Essential AA’s
17
Q
What is an effect of not consuming enough essential AA’s?
A
Negative nitrogen balance
18
Q
Organic molecules
Made up of C,H,O (3-9C[H2O])
Important fuel stores
Critical molecules control of human metabolism- catabolic
Carbon skeletons used for synthesis of the other important biomolecules-anabolic
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
4 common dietary carbohydrates:
A
Starch
Sucrose
Dietary fiber
Lactose
20
Q
The nutritional reservoir in CH of plants
Polysaccharide of glucose
Amylose and amylopectin
A
Starch
21
Q
The unbranched glucose polysaccharide in plants
A
Amylose
22
Q
The branched glucose polysaccharide in plants
A
Amylopectin
23
Q
The natural sweetener and found in fruits and vegetables
Disaccharide of glucose and fructose
A
Sucrose
24
Q
Plant origin carbohydrate
A
Dietary fiber
25
The major dietary carbohydrates of animal origin
Disaccharide of glucose and galactose
Lactose
26
This condition is d.t the body's inability to easily digest lactose [gas,belly pain, bloating]
Lactose intolerance
27
Simplest form of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
28
Ex of monosaccharide:
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
29
Two monosaccharides:
Disaccharide
30
Ex of disaccharides:
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
31
3-10 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharide
32
Ex of oligosaccharide:
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
33
>10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
34
Ex of polysaccharides:
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
35
Diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic (chiral) center
Epimers
36
What is more stable open-chain or ring structure?
Ring structure
37
Monosaccharides exist in sol'n mainly as _____ structure?
Ring
38
How are glycosidic bonds formed?
By the hydrolysis of starch
39
A polysaccharide of glucose residues linked w/ a alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
Starch amylose
40
Amylose w/ addition of alpha-1,6 glycosidic branch
Amylopectin
41
Major plant polysaccharide
Unbranded polymer of glucose residues joined by ß-1,4 linkages, allowing to form very long and straight chains
Cellulose
42
Why does cellulose/starch and glycogen favor bent structure ?
More suitable for storage
43
Major component of DNA
Deoxyaldose
44
Components of glycoproteins and glycolipids
Important in cell signaling, adhesion
Acetylated Amino sugars
45
Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Present in cell membrane and in ECM
Acidic sugars
46
Constituted the gangliosides in oligodendrocytes of NS
Sugar esters
47
Food additives, gains importance in uncontrolled diabetes leading to cataracts and peripheral neuropathy; used in synthesis of lipids
Sugar alcohols
48
Why is high fructose corn syrup so fattening?
It bypasses a major regulatory step in glycolysis, entering at step 5 [DHAP=easily converted to glycerol-becomes fat easily] This disrupts fuel metabolism and increases productions of lipids since DAG can be converted to glycerol-3-phosphate and then into triacylglycerols
49
What is the catch w/ the glycemic index?
I only measures BG levels and b/c it is low in glucose doesnt mean it is low in kcal
50
Are artificial sweeteners on Glycemic index?
Yes and theyre > 0
51
What can stimulate insulin release
Modified sugar alcohols
52
What's the good sweetener?
Stevia 0 kcal and natural sugar
53
Water insoluble biomolecules that're highly soluble in organic solvents
Membrane constituents
FA are key constituents
Lipids
54
_________ properties of lipids are d/t the FAs
Hydrophobic
55
What contributes hydrophobic properties f lipid?
FAs
56
What're building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids, components of biological membranes?
FAs
57
What type of FA have highest energy?
Saturated FA
58
Critical enzyme for lipid digestion
Lipase
59
Where are FA oxidized to generate ATP?
Mitochondria
60
FA oxidized or reduced?
Oxidized
61
EFAs?
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid `
62
Why is it called EFA?
Our body cant produce it
63
Introduction of a double bond in FA ________ potential energy
Reduces
64
How are trans fats metabolized?
They aren't able to be metabolized. They increase cholesterol because the body can only metabolize Cis fats
65
Digests short and medium chain FAs in oral cavity:
Lingual lipase
66
Digest short and medium chain FAs in gastric cavity:
Gastric lipase
67
Digest triacylglycerols in small intestine
Pancreatic lipase w/ colipase
68
Digests phospholipids in small intestine
Phospholipase
69
Digest cholesterol esters in small intestine
Cholesterol esterase
70
Fatty acid derived vitamins:
A,D,E,K
71
FA dervied vitamins can be important in:
Signaling
72
Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3
73
What is the bioactive form of Vit D and is derived from vit D2 and D3?
Calcitriol
74
How id Vit D produced?
Exposure of UV light on skin
75
Where is Vit K1 obtained from?
Leafy green vegetables
76
Vitamin K2 is synthesized by
bacteria in the large intestine and colon
77
Vit D is ______-derived
Cholesterol
78
2 ways Vit D is produced:
In the intestine and in the skin by UV exp.
79
Liver makes _______ and kidney makes the active for _______
Calciferol; calcitriol
80
Scientific name for calcitriol
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
81
Vit D intestinal rxn:
Ergocalciferol (D2)
Cholecalciferol (D3)
82
Skin precursor to cholecalciferol (D3)
7-dehydrocholesterol
83
When cholecalciferol (D3) in either skin or intestine, where does it travel? What does it become?
Liver;
25-hydroxycholecaliferol
84
What is the enzyme in the liver that converts cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol?
25-hydroxylase
85
After rxn in liver by 25-hydroxylase, where does resulting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol travel? What is produced? By what enzyme,?
Kidney;
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [calcitriol];
1-alpha-hydroxylase
86
Regulation of calcitriol [active vit D] +/-?
+: PTH
| -: calcitriol
87
What is asso. W/ vit k?
Blood clotting
88
What enzyme asso w/ vit k is asso. W/ clotting?
Gamma-carboxylase
89
What is vit k function w/gamma-carboxylase?
Cofactor for clotting
90
How does warfarin function?
Inhibits gamma carboxylase by inhibiting its cofactor (vit k) `
91
What is req'd for coagulation in gamma carboxylase rxn ?
CO2
O2
Vit K hydroquinione (active)
92
Why do energy drinks and vitamins boost energy?
They provide substances that fit into TCA cycle- increase action of cellular respiration
93
Req'd minerals in diet:
Na+,K+,Cl- electrolyte
Ca+, P, Mag, Fe, S mineral
I,Se,Cu,Zn. Trace mineral
Mn,F,Cr, Mo ultratrace mineral
94
Why do low vitamins/minerals affect activity?
Theyre req'd for certain molecular processes by the proteins/enzymes that complete the processes
95
Small organic molecules often derived from vitamins, what're they called when tightly bound?
Coenzymes ; prosthetic groups
96
Oxidation state of Fe when being transported in circulation:
3+, b/c it wants to be unrecognizable and not uptaken by any tissue/cell until destination is found
97
Oxidation state of Fe when entering in cell/tissue from circulation:
2+, this is recognizable for cells/tissues
98
Transport molecule for Fe
Transferrin q
99
Specific Fe pore:
Ferroportin
100
In order to enter cell Fe3+ must become Fe2+. This occurs by what enzyme? What vitamin is req'd for this enzyme to function?
Ferric reductase;
| Vitamin C
101
Energy req'd to maintain life:
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
102
A linked series of chemical reacitons that begins w/ a particular molecule and converts it into some other molecules or molecules in a carefully defined fashion
Metabolism
103
Which enzymes predominant in the interdependent metabolism pathways coordinated by sensitive means of communication?
Allosteric
104
Those that convert energy from fuels into biologically useful forms
Catabolic
105
Those that req' inputs of energy tp proceed
Anabolic
106
Universal currency of free energy
ATP
107
Which bond of ATP is most labile
Gamma
108
What is the significance of ATP ?
High energy bonds
109
An important form of cellular energy transformation
Phosphoryl-transfer potential
110
Serves as the principal immediate donor of free energy
ATP
111
ATP molecule is consumed within a _______ of its formation
Minute
112
Total quantity of ATP in the body is limited to
100 g
113
Turnover of small ATP quantity [100 g]:
Is very high
114
Human ATP consumption in 24 hours
40 kg
115
Strenuous exertion of ATP may be as high as ____kg/min
0.5
116
Important source of cellular energy
Oxidation of carbon fuels
117
Having mechanisms for regeneration of ATP=
Vital
118
Activities that req' ATP:
Motion, active transport, signal amplification, and biosynthesis
119
One of the primary roles of catabolism
Generation of ATP
120
Fuel molecules composed of carbon are oxidized to
CO2, resulting e-are captured and used to regenerate ATP from ADP
121
How many kcal/g in alcohol
7 kcal/g
122
Crucial for maintaining health:
Essential AA
123
What happens if inadequate diet of Essential AA:
Negative nitrogen balance
124
Why are there EFA?
We cant make the cis bond. that's why there's no way to digest...
125
Fat-soluble vitamins cant be absorbed if:
there's is a bile/emulsification error
126
Where does vit d become activated?
Kidney
127
What hormone would increase activation of Vit D?
PTH and low PO4
128
Function of Vit D?
Reabsorption of Ca+
129
Important serve of energy
Oxidation of carbon fuels
130
Ultimate electron acceptor
O2
131
Oxidation product
CO2
132
Saturated=
Reduced and more PE!
133
How does the oxidation of carbon take place?
When a fuel is oxidized, the oxidation takes place one carbon at a time
134
Potential energy in saturated vs. polyunsaturated
Saturated has more potential energy
135
Carbon-oxidation energy cen be used to create ion gradients or
High phosphoryl-transfer potential ----both endpoints = ATP
136
Bond is broken and immediate energy=
Redox or ADP
137
Energy from foodstuffs is extracted in how many stages?
3
138
Stage I:
degradation and absorption
139
Stage II
Sugars and FAs converted to acetyl CoA-some ATP produced
140
Stage III
Aerobic respiration- most ATP made
141
Metabolic processes are regulated 3 principal ways, by controlling:
Amt.'s of enzymes
Catalytic activity
The accessibility of substrates
