2-mouth and esophagus

Question 1

what is the cephalic stage

Answer 1

receptors in head stimulated by sight/smell/ emotions

Question 2

how is the cephalic stage activated (neurons)

Answer 2

parasympathetic fibres activate neurons in the GI nerve plexi (Extrinsic)

Question 3

what is the gastric phase triggered by

Answer 3

stomach receptors triggered by distension, acidity, a.a, peptides

Question 4

what kind of reflexes mediate the gastric response

Answer 4

short and long reflexes (gastrin and ACh)

Question 5

what is the intestinal phase triggered by

Answer 5

receptors in the intestine stimulated by distension, acidity, osmolarity, digestive products

Question 6

what kind of reflexes mediate the intestinal response

Answer 6

short and long reflexes and hormones (secretin, CCK and GIP)

Question 7

where in the brain control food intake

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

where is the feeding center

Answer 8

lateral region

Question 9

what does activation of the feeding center do

Answer 9

make you HUNGY

Question 10

what happens with a lesion in the feeding center

Answer 10

lose weight

Question 11

where is the satiety centre

Answer 11

in the ventromedial region

Question 12

what happens when you activate the satiety center

Answer 12

feel :FULL

Question 13

what happens with a lesion in the satiery center

Answer 13

overeat

Question 14

what does activation of the lateral center do

Answer 14

make you HUNGY

Question 15

what happens with a lesion in the ventromedial center

Answer 15

overeat

Question 16

what are the 2 orexigenic factors

Answer 16

neuropeptifde Y (NPY)
ghrelin

Question 17

what does NPY do

Answer 17

neurotransmitter in hypothalamus that stimulates hunger

Question 18

what does ghrelin do

Answer 18

stimulates release of NPY

Question 19

where is ghrenlin released and when

Answer 19

endocrine cells in stomach during fasting

Question 20

4 anorexigenic factors

Answer 20

leptin, insulin, peptide YY, melaocortin

Question 21

where is leptin released

Answer 21

adipose

Question 22

what does leptin do

Answer 22

help with long term food intake decrease, decreases NPY release

Question 23

where is insulin released

Answer 23

pancreas

Question 24

where is peptide YY released

Answer 24

intestine

Question 25

where is melanocortin released

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

where is the thirst center

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

what is the most important regulation of water intake

Answer 27

increased plasma osmolarity

Question 28

what is released when there is a sensed increased plasma osmolarity

Answer 28

vasopressin

Question 29

what does vasopressin do

Answer 29

conserves water at kidney

Question 30

what is stimulated when there is decreased plasma volume

Answer 30

baroreceptors in cardiovascular system

Question 31

what do the baroreceptors do when there is decreased osmolarity

Answer 31

angiotension 2 released, causing increased thirst

Question 32

what are the three salivary glands

Answer 32

parotid submandibular subglingual

Question 33

what do the parotid glads secrete

Answer 33

watery(serous) secretion

Question 34

what the submandibular glands secrete

Answer 34

serous/mucous secretion

Question 35

what do the sublingual glands secrete

Answer 35

mucous

Question 36

is saliva hypotoic, isotonic or hypertonic and why

Answer 36

hypotonic to help it dissolve food

Question 37

is saliva acidic basic or neutral

Answer 37

alkaline to neutralize acidic food

Question 38

what electrolytes in saliva | which ones more and less

Answer 38

rich in K+ and HCO3- | also Na+ and Cl-

Question 39

which enzymes are in saliva

Answer 39

amylase and lipase

Question 40

what are glycoproteins

Answer 40

component of saliva | mucin (with water makes mucous)

Question 41

what acidity is initial saliva secretion from acinar cells

Answer 41

isotonic (acinar later is leaky)

Question 42

which compounds are actively secreted from acinar cells into the acinus area

Answer 42

Cl-, K-, HCO3-

Question 43

which compounds are released from acinar cells paraceullary

Answer 43

Na+, H2O

Question 44

what is the role of myopithelial cells

Answer 44

contract and expel saliva from acinus into duct

Question 45

what do ductal cells do to saliva

Answer 45

make it hypotonic and alkaline

Question 46

are ductal cells permable to water

Answer 46

no

Question 47

are acinar cells permable to water

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

which hormones control salivary glands

Answer 48

none!

Question 49

does parasympathetic or sympathetic do more stimulation for salivary gland function

Answer 49

parasympathetic

Question 50

is lingual lipase deactivated in the tummy

Answer 50

no, it is acid stable

Question 51

what is xerostemia

Answer 51

dry mouth due to impaired salivary secretions

Question 52

what is the larynx and where is it

Answer 52

voice box | between pharynx and trachea

Question 53

what is the epiglottis and what does it do

Answer 53

tissue flap that covers laryns and trachea when swallowing

Question 54

what is the pharynx

Answer 54

the throat passage common to food and air

Question 55

what does the soft palate do in the swallowing reflex

Answer 55

soft palate elevates to prevent food entering the nasal passages

Question 56

what does the epiglottis do during the swallowing reflex

Answer 56

covers the glottis to prevent food from entering the trachea

Question 57

where does skeletal muscle cover the esophagus

Answer 57

upper third

Question 58

where does smooth muscle cover the esophagus

Answer 58

lower two thirds

Question 59

what does the stratified squamous epithelium do

Answer 59

protect esophagus from abrasive food

Question 60

where is the upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 60

just below pharynx

Question 61

what is the main driving force of swallowing

Answer 61

persitalsis

Question 62

are the salivary glands essential for life

Answer 62

no, but for a high quality life (i think)