endocrine 1 - intro

Question 1

what is an endocrine gland

Answer 1

gland that lacks ducts

Question 2

what is an exocrine gland

Answer 2

gland that has a duct system

Question 3

which organ is just endocrine

Answer 3

thyroid

Question 4

which organ is just exocrine

Answer 4

salivary

Question 5

which organ is endocrine and exocrine

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

how do endocrine signals spread and where

Answer 6

hormone sent into blood, effects far target

Question 7

how do neuroendocrine signals spread and where

Answer 7

neurotransmitters released by diffusion, effects are local

Question 8

how do paracrine signals spread to where

Answer 8

target cells are very close

Question 9

how do autocrine signals spread to where

Answer 9

released in interstitial space but it is self-acting

Question 10

are endocrine or nervous system communication quicker

Answer 10

NERVOUS

Question 11

are endocrine or nervous system communication more target specific

Answer 11

endocrine has many target cells, nervous is more target specific

Question 12

what are 3 ways that you could regulate hormones

Answer 12

in production, transport and receptors

Question 13

are protein hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 13

water

Question 14

are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 14

lipid

Question 15

are thyroid hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 15

lipid

Question 16

are catecholamines hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 16

water

Question 17

are eicosanoids hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 17

lipid

Question 18

when/how are protein hormones stored

Answer 18

after synthesis

Question 19

when/how are steroid hormones stored

Answer 19

not stored but made on demand

Question 20

which is the most important precursor for steroid hormones

Answer 20

cholesterol

Question 21

what are the two types of receptors

Answer 21

cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors

Question 22

which type of hormones go to cell surface receptors

Answer 22

protein and catecholamines

Question 23

which type of hormones go to intracellular receptors

Answer 23

steroids and thyroid

Question 24

are G-protein linked receptors cell surface or intracellular

Answer 24

surface

Question 25

are catalytic receptors cell surface or intracellular

Answer 25

surface

Question 26

what 4 things happen after G proteins

Answer 26

2nd messenger protein kinase protein phosphorylation response of target cells

Question 27

what is the pathway of adenylate cyclase (G protein)

Answer 27

cAMP to PKA which causes protein phosphorylation

Question 28

what is the pathway of phospholipase C (G protein)

Answer 28

DAG--> PKC then protein phosphorylation | AND also IP3 to Ca2+

Question 29

what happens in the Ca2+ pathway (G protein)

Answer 29

Ca binds to calmodulin then Ca2+/Calmodulin dep. Kinase which causes protein phosphorylation

Question 30

what are the two types of catalytic receptors

Answer 30

receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase and also one that recruits tyrosine kinase

Question 31

what is the mechanism of intrinsic tyrosine kinase

Answer 31

receptor phosphorylates the hormone once it binds, response of target cells

Question 32

what is the mechanism of recruiting tyrosine kinase

Answer 32

the hormone binds, receptor causes recruitment of a tyrosine kinase, phosphorylates, response of target cells

Question 33

what does protein kinase do

Answer 33

phosphorylate protein

Question 34

what does protein phosphatase do

Answer 34

remove phosphate group from protein

Question 35

is a phosphorylated or non phosphorylated protein active

Answer 35

they can both be active or unactive (more common that phosphorylated means active and inactive is non phosphorylated)

Question 36

where are the 3 locations of intracellular receptors

Answer 36

cytoplasm, nucleus or bound to DNA in nucleus

Question 37

what are the common effects of all intracellular receptors

Answer 37

they end up in nucleus and act as transcription factors

Question 38

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm

Answer 38

steroid hormones of adrenal cortex

Question 39

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the nucleus

Answer 39

sex steroids

Question 40

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the DNA in nucleus

Answer 40

thyroid hormones

Question 41

what does the ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depend on

Answer 41

the presence of receptors for that hormone on/ in the target cell

Question 42

what is up regulation

Answer 42

increase in the number of receptors for a hormone

Question 43

what is down regulation

Answer 43

decrease in the number of receptors for a hormone

Question 44

what could cause up regulation

Answer 44

low hormone levels

Question 45

what could cause down regulation

Answer 45

high hormone levels

Question 46

what is permissive actions of hormones

Answer 46

when hormone A must be present for the full action of hormone B to occur

Question 47

what is a connection between permissive actions of hormones and upregulation

Answer 47

hormone A may upregulate the receptors for hormone B on a target cell

Question 48

what are two examples of hormones that do permissive action

Answer 48

thyroid and epinephrine (the two together have much higher effects than either alone)

Question 49

what does negative feedback do to response

Answer 49

dampen

Question 50

what does positive feedback do to response

Answer 50

amplify

Question 51

what kind of feedback system is PTH and Ca2+

Answer 51

negative

Question 52

when is PTH secreted

Answer 52

when there is low Ca+

Question 53

when is PTH inhibited

Answer 53

when there is high Ca+

Question 54

what kind of feedback system is oxytocin secretion and cervical stretch

Answer 54

positive

Question 55

what is a tropic hormone

Answer 55

a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

Question 56

what is a trophic hormone

Answer 56

a hormone that increases secretion of hormone and stimulates growth of the gland

Question 57

whats a trophic effect

Answer 57

when a hormone stimulates growth of a gland

Question 58

what is hypo-secretion

Answer 58

secretion of too little hormone

Question 59

what is hypersecretion

Answer 59

secretion of too much hormone

Question 60

what is hypo-responsiveness

Answer 60

reduced responsiveness of target cells

Question 61

what can cause hypo-responsiveness

Answer 61

abnormal receptors, defective cell signalling, defective enzyme function in target cell

Question 62

what is Laron dwarfism caused by

Answer 62

when receptors on the cell do not respond to growth hormone

Question 63

what is hyper-responsiveness

Answer 63

increased responsiveness of target cells

Question 64

what is signal transduction?

Answer 64

signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response