Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

What kind of nervous system in intrinsic regulation

Answer 1

Enteric

Question 2

What kind of nervous system in extrinsic regulation

Answer 2

Autonomic

Question 3

Name layers of GIT in order

Answer 3

Mucosa:
Epithelium , Lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

Question 4

G cell releases

Where are they

Answer 4

Gastrin

Stomach antrum

Question 5

S cell releases

Where are they

Answer 5

Secretin

Small intestine

Question 6

K cells release

Where are they

Answer 6

GIP

Small intestine

Question 7

I cells release

Where are they

Answer 7

CCK

small intestine

Question 8

What does gastrin do and why

Answer 8

Release HCL and motility higher (stomach ileum l.intestine)

when more peptides

Question 9

What does secretin do and why

Answer 9

Reduces HCL and motility, adds HCO3- and water from pancreas and in bile

Too much acid in tummy

Question 10

What does GIP do and why

Answer 10

More insulin made

When there is more glucose or fat in small intestine

Question 11

What does CCK do and why

Answer 11

Lower HCL and stomach motility
Raise pancreatic enzymes and bile production

Relaxes sphincter of oddi

When there is fat and proteins in small intestine

Question 12

Which peptide(s) increase HCL

Answer 12

gastrin

Question 13

Which peptide(s) decrease HCL

Answer 13

Secretin CCK

Question 14

Which hormone increases insulin

Answer 14

GIP

Question 15

Hypothalamus where is feeding center

Answer 15

Lateral region

Question 16

Hypothalamus where is satiety center

Answer 16

Ventromedial region

Question 17

Damage in lateral region hypothalamus

Answer 17

Lose weight

Question 18

Damage in ventromedial region

Answer 18

Get fat

Question 19

Neuropeptide y what it do

Answer 19

Neurotransmitter in hypothalamus that stimulates hunger

Question 20

Ghrelin

Where from. What do.

Answer 20

Endocrine cells in tummy

Stimulates NPY release

Question 21

Anorexigenic factors

Where released

Answer 21

Leptin, adipose, long term not binge

Insulin, pancreas

Peptide YY, intestines

Melanocortjn, hypothalamus

Question 22

What is vasopressin?????

What pathway

Answer 22

Antidiuretic hormone released from thirst center in hypothalamus

Increase plasma osmolarity

Question 23

Mechanism of decreased plasma volume thirst center activation

Answer 23

Baroreceptors activated, angiotensin 2 made

Question 24

3 types salivary glands and their secretion type

Answer 24

Parotid
Watery serous

Submandibular
Serous/mucous

Sublingual
Mucous

Question 25

What is actively secreted in acinar cells

Answer 25

K Cl HCO3

Question 26

What diffuses out of acinar cells

Answer 26

Water | Na

Question 27

What leaves ducal cells into ducts

Answer 27

K HCO3

Question 28

What leaves duct area info ductal cels

Answer 28

NA CL

Question 29

Which ductal ions move the most and which direction

Answer 29

More NA CL loss than K HCO3 gain

Question 30

Enzymes in mouth

Answer 30

Lingual lipase Amylase

Question 31

What is the role of stratified epithelium

Answer 31

Protect esophagus from abrasive or rough food

Question 32

Role of HCL in tummy

Answer 32

Hydrolysis of proteins

Question 33

Histamine in tummy what do

Answer 33

Stimulates HCL production

Question 34

Somatostatin in tummy what do

Answer 34

Inhibits HCL production

Question 35

How pepsinogen activated

Answer 35

Acid cleave it

Question 36

Who secretes pepsinogen

Answer 36

Chief cells

Question 37

What cell secretes gastrin and where is that cell

Answer 37

Antrum in tummy G cell / enteroendocrine

Question 38

What cells secrete somatostatin

Answer 38

D cells

Question 39

What do parietal cells secrete And where

Answer 39

HCL IF gastric glands in fondus/ body

Question 40

Enteric nervous system is AKA

Answer 40

Intrinsic

Question 41

Main secretions of exocrine pancreas

Answer 41

Enzymes and HCO3-

Question 42

Function of endocrine pancreas

Answer 42

NON DIGESTIVE hormones to regulate entire body, like insulin

Question 43

Main pancreatic duct joins what

Answer 43

Common bile duct before entering duodenum

Question 44

What do duct cells secrete in pancreas

Answer 44

h20 and HCO3-

Question 45

What do pancreatic acinar exocrine cells secrete

Answer 45

Enzymes

Question 46

Alkaline tide caused by what

Answer 46

Parietal cells pumped HCO3- into blood

Question 47

Acid tide caused by what

Answer 47

Duct cels in pancreas pumping H+ into blood

Question 48

How is trypsinogen activated What do

Answer 48

Enterokinase In duodenum cleaves it Into trypsin Protease that activates other proteases

Question 49

Which are endopeptidases

Answer 49

Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase

Question 50

What is exopeptidase Where cleave

Answer 50

Carboxypetidase C terminus

Question 51

What is chymotrypsinogen , pro-elastase and pro-carboxypeptisase activates by??

Answer 51

TRYPSIN

Question 52

What’s in portal triad

Answer 52

Hepatic artery Portal vein Bile duct

Question 53

What are caniculi

Answer 53

Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes

Question 54

Pancreatic lipase Soluble in what Where does it work

Answer 54

Water Surface of lipid droplets

Question 55

What do micelles hold

Answer 55

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 56

What kind of transport in hepatocyte secretion What do they secrete

Answer 56

Primary active Bile salts/acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments

Question 57

How are gallstones formed

Answer 57

Too much cholesterol in bile, precipitates out

Question 58

How are pigment stones formed

Answer 58

Too much RBC breakdown, increases pigment concentration, joins Ca++ and precipitates out