renal-1 into

Question 1

what does renal mean

Answer 1

anything to do with the kidneys

Question 2

what is the most obvious function of the kidneys

Answer 2

to filter on the blood, plasma regulation

Question 3

what do kidneys regulate (2 things)

Answer 3

blood volume and pressure

acid base balance

Question 4

what is entailed in blood volume and pressure in kidney regulation

Answer 4

water concentration, fluid volume, inorganic ion composition

Question 5

what do kidneys excrete

Answer 5

urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, foreign chemicals

Question 6

what is urea

Answer 6

protein breakdown

Question 7

what is uric acid

Answer 7

nucleotide breakdown

Question 8

what is creatinine

Answer 8

MUSCLE BREAKDOWN WAHHHH

Question 9

what is bilirubin

Answer 9

RBC breakdown

Question 10

Who does glucogenogenesis

Answer 10

Kidneys

Question 11

when does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 11

during starvation

Question 12

what do kidneys secrete

3 examples

Answer 12

hormones and enzymes
erythropoietin
1,25-dihydroxy Vitamine D
Renin

Question 13

what is erythropoietin

Answer 13

helps synthesize RBC, secreted by kidney cells

Question 14

what is 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

Answer 14

linked close to phosphate regulation

Question 15

what is renin

Answer 15

enzyme that helps balance sodium and ion composition

Question 16

what is intracellular fluid

Answer 16

fluid inside the cell

Question 17

what is extracellular fluid

Answer 17

fluid ourside of the cell (plasma+interstitial fluid + cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 18

what is plasma

Answer 18

non-cellular part of blood, fluid inside blood vessels

Question 19

what is interstitial fluid

Answer 19

fluid outside the cell but not in circulatory system (not plasma)

Question 20

what percent of total body weight is water

Answer 20

60%

Question 21

what percent of total body weight is intracellular fluid

Answer 21

40%

Question 22

what percent of total body weight is extracellular fluid

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

what is the relative intra and extracellular amounts of Na

Answer 23

more Na out than in

Question 24

what is the relative intra and extracellular amounts of K

Answer 24

more K in than out

Question 25

what is the relative intra and extracellular amounts of Ca

Answer 25

more Ca out than in

Question 26

what is the relative intra and extracellular amounts of Cl

Answer 26

more Cl out than in

Question 27

what is osmolarity

Answer 27

the number of solutes per unit volume of solution (mol/L)

Question 28

what is 1 osmol mean (equal to)

Answer 28

1 mole of solute particles

Question 29

what does low osmolarity mean

Answer 29

high water concentration | low solute

Question 30

what does high osmolarity mean

Answer 30

low water concentration | high solute

Question 31

what is diffusion

Answer 31

process of movement of molecules from one location to another as a result of random thermal motion

Question 32

what is osmosis

Answer 32

net diffusion of WATER across SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANe (high to low water conc)

Question 33

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 33

the pressure necessary to prevent solvent movement (osmosis)

Question 34

what is the point of osmotic pressure

Answer 34

to make sure it doesn't expand too much

Question 35

what is the opposing pressure required to stop osmosis completely

Answer 35

osmotic pressure

Question 36

what is tonicity determined by

Answer 36

the concentration of non penetrating solutes of an extracellular solution relative to the intracellular environment of a cell

Question 37

what is non penetrating solute | examples

Answer 37

they need channels to pass through the membrane | Na+ K+ Cl-

Question 38

what is isotonic

Answer 38

same osmolarity inside and outside of cell

Question 39

what is hypertonic

Answer 39

higher osmolarity outside than inside the cell | they shrink

Question 40

what is hypotonic

Answer 40

lower osmolarity outside than inside the cell | they grow

Question 41

which direction does water flow (osmolarity)

Answer 41

water flows from low osmolarity to high osmolarity

Question 42

what is normal osmolarity in a cell

Answer 42

300mOsm/L

Question 43

what differentiates tonic and osmotic (isotonic vs/ isoosmotic, etc)

Answer 43

saying -osmotic instead of -tonic (iso, hypo, hyper) does not mention whether or not it is a penetrating solute (tonic non penetrating)

Question 44

what is filtration

Answer 44

movement of solute/water out of the plasma

Question 45

what is absorption

Answer 45

movement of solute/water into the blood

Question 46

what is movement of solute/water into the blood

Answer 46

absorption

Question 47

what is movement of solute/water out of the plasma

Answer 47

filtration

Question 48

what is net filtration pressure

Answer 48

Pc + πIF – PIF -πc

Question 49

where is capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) highest and what does this cause

Answer 49

more at the arterial end, so more filtration then

Question 50

what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic fluid

Answer 50

pressure that comes from the interstitial fluid

Question 51

what is πc

Answer 51

osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration

Question 52

what direction is πc

Answer 52

inwards towards capillaries

Question 53

what direction is πIF

Answer 53

outwards from capillaries

Question 54

what direction is PIF

Answer 54

inwards towards capillaries

Question 55

what direction is Pc

Answer 55

outwards from capillaries

Question 56

what is πIF

Answer 56

osmotic force due to interstitual fluid protein concentration